Nigeria and Canada are two places I have lived in, they are however so Essay

Nigeria and Canada are twain places I have lived in, they are even so different in a lot of ways - Essay ExampleSome provinces have both Goods and Services Tax (GST) and Provincial gross sales Tax (PST), some have just Provincial Sales Tax (PST) and yet some have the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST). The bottom atmosphere is that goods and services are taxable in Canada.Taxes are not paid on items purchased or on services utilized in Nigeria. It is only the authentic price of the good or service that is paid for at any point in time. Nigeria operates a non-tax method of payment on goods and services.Canada and Nigeria are two countries that are so different in their methods of operation. One appears to be one extreme from the other in the way things are done. I have lived in both of them and have observed the clear differences.I think the differences have to do with the fact that Nigeria is a Third world country, while Canada is a substantial country. I dont wholly accept the way Can ada operates as compared to Nigeria and Vice Versa, I however, appreciate some policies of Canada and those of Nigeria.They are unique in themselves and prove to be very interesting places to

Web pages content Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Web pages matter - Essay ExampleSimply put, we do not merely provide web content writing for people to read as we excel in providing online content that do not merely offer information or serve as fillers and cache to your web template. While our products are designed primarily to be informative but on top of this they function as web tools that would aim our clients increased web traffic and returning visitors. An example of this is our integrated SEO gains which you could learn to a greater extent in this page. We believe in the efficacy of getting our clients complex in their web pages content and cache development. There is an existing digital networked medium in place the internet which allows for fast, cheap and real time communion over long distances. We take advantage of this tool in order to have our online content writing projects become products of collaborative activity.We want to know how we may be able to help your needs. We have specific content solutions avail able for you and you may request a price quote or order this service in this link. We offer a full money-back guarantee policy to ensure that your project get the attention and quality assurance it deserves. Remember that with us, you get more than just web pages content.Article Writingof interactive media which entails article writing as an integral part of an audio and visual experience alongside the various tools and applications found in the web and other media which empowers the users or the readers in terms of interactivity that has never existed before.

Career Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Career Planning - Essay ExampleThe duties of a Market questioner almost match with my go interests. The job is almost all rough dealing with data. This involves planning, control, implementation, reports, and analysis. To be specific, it involves the study of what people buy, require, think, and do. And the findings of such study usually help companies to identify the factors affecting harvest demand and overly the potential markets of the firm. I am genuinely good at studying the client related topics and also advising the related people about making use of the research findings. I am aware of the possible challenges associated with meeting this plan. I have studied Accounting and Finance as master(prenominal) subjects but if I want to concentrate on the Marketing field, I have to educate qualities like good communication skill, awareness of the latest trends, and also should be familiar with the latest technologies. Minimum knowledge in psychology is also needed while handl ing the issues of different people. I admit that my knowledge and experience with regard to HR and consumer behaviour is incomplete or unsatisfying and therefore I will have to face more challenges. When I started workings in the banking field, I could realize that I had much more to learn and expertise in trade strategy. I am sure that my MSc in Strategic Marketing from the worlds most renowned institution will make me capable of addressing all the challenges in my profession. Generally, the academic and cultural heritage of an institution determines the level of nourishment it can provide for the overall development of its students. I admire the Imperial Colleges great legacy of 100 eld of teaching. Since the college specializes in most prominent areas such as Science, Engineering, Medicine and Business, it has contributed so many legends to the world include Nobel Prize winners, great scientists, world famous designers, actors and poets. I would like to stick to the same prof ession improving myself day by day. I am aware that the carrier progression in Market Research depends on ones merits and experience. With regard to my long term plan, I would like to attain the post of Account Director of a well complete firm in UK. Since my carrier started in the banking sector, I am willing to choose my long term carrier in the very sector. I accept that the post of an Account director will help me utilize my full potential. In todays business environment, launching the right product in the right time and at the right place is a key factor to the success of a company. It requires accurate forecasting, which is evidently one of the responsibilities of the accounting director. another(prenominal) responsibility of the faculty is to ensure return on every investment, which is possible only by maintaining strict budgeting controls. It depends on the competency of an accounting manger if a firm can have its own unique way of business development. A company can devel op its own distinct way of marketing only if the accounting manger and his crew are innovative and adaptive. This task lies between the planning session and the ultimate feedback on retail reality. Admittedly, my goal of achieving my desired designation is not very easy. It requires several skills. In the case of my short term plan as a Market Researcher, I must develop an analytical mind along with thorough knowledge in statistics, psychology, and behavioural science. A market researcher

The Opportunities and Challenges of Contemporary Public Health Policy Essay

The Opportunities and Challenges of Contemporary Public Health Policy for Specialist corporation Public Health Nursing - Essay ExampleThis paper is a decisive review of the available literature on specialist community exoteric wellness policy in England as applicable to wellness visiting. Some of the more recent position papers along with several research papers on the role of health visiting nurses, their qualifications and skills and the relevant policies will be reviewed. The advantages of health visiting to the target segment and the various challenges faced by health visitors as well the administration will also be discussed to understand the health visiting environment in England. Specialist community health policy in England Despite recognizing the importance of public health promotion and preventative strategies finished community redacttings, public health issues concerning health visiting still remains a subject that attracts much attention. Health visiting may have e volved from barely being concerned with sanitation to addressing maternal and child welfare it is now being touted as the most essential of services in the realm of public health. Today, health visiting in England and UK as in other countries is being given the importance that it demands. This concept of health visiting primarily focuses on generating sentience among individuals, families and communities as a whole of the importance of ensuring the wellness of both the child and the family (Carr et al, 2012). However, there is an increasing awareness among practitioners and policy makers alike of the need for effective policies and performance strategies to cater to the demanding and more complex needs of the changing community settings which are more heading towards being multi-ethnic and diverse in nature. There is recite of a multi-pronged approach to developing health visiting services in England. This can be seen from the initiative by National Health Services (NHS) in gath ering evidence base for improving public health based on a three- degree structure that takes in to account the strategic directions set by a board of advisors in collecting the evidence base, dividing the work based on reference group and forming of user panels to establish a framework for valuation of the evidence base (Bull et al, 2004). The Royal College of Nurisng (RCN), UKs largest association of nurses, midwives, health visitors and other practitioners has published a position paper on health visiting (Pillars of the Community the RCN UK position on the development of the registered nursing workforce in the community) which has since been instrumental in contributing to the decision of the Department of Health to endorse the bond governments pledge to increase the number of health visitors from 8000 to more than 12000 (an increase by 4200) and also the Health Visitor implementation Plan set to guide and strengthen health visiting service in the country, as part of the A Cal l to action 2011 publication that endorses a four tier model Community Universal Universal Plus and Universal Partnership Plus (Health Visiting Services & Public Health Nursing a address document, 2012). Concerns have been raised on the role of health nurses in the community settings where it seemed to take on the role of surveillance more than support to the families of the different communities. However, specialist community

Lifespan Development Psychology Paper Essay Example for Free

Lifespan Development Psychology Paper EssayLifespan Development Paper When studying the Lifespan Developmental stages end-to-end Chapter 1 of our textbook, I began to realize that I have traveled down some of the same common paths as my personal idols. Although most were dead spacious before I was ever conceived, I find it rather fascinating. The textbook states that Lifespan perspective is defined as emotional statelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and normal of loss.The human life expectancy has truly surpassed all other living animals from a house mouse that has a life span of a scrimpy 3 years, to an Indian elephant that can live to be 70 years. Jeanne Calmet, who was the oldest living person, was born in Arles, France was born February 21, 1875 and died August 4, 1997. She was 122 years and 164 days old at the time of her death. Although most would love to live as l ong of life as Mrs. Calmet, that is somewhat unrealistic. The average life expectancy for people living in spite of appearance the United States of America is 78 years of age.That is a humungous leap from the average life expectancy of a man who lived during the Pre-historic which was the early age of 18. People go through many disparate changes as the world is ever changing. There atomic number 18 three different types of influences which include 1) normative age-graded influences, 2) normative history-graded influences, and 3) nonnormative or highly individualized life events. Examples of normative age-graded influences are things that people of the same age go through together. Lets take my twin sister and me as an example.At the early age of 1, we deuce began walking with 2 weeks of one another. Although not at the same time, we both were starting our menstrual cycles both at the age of 11 years old. In life we exit experience menopause around the same time, and possibly e ven retirement inside a short time between each other. Examples of normative history-graded influences would be people who have experienced history changing events with one another. How about two mothers who may live on the opposite sides of the United States, but both lost children as a result to fighting over in Afghanistan.They will never know one another but they will have a similar bond because they went through a similar event. Another would be the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Even I will never forget where I was and what I was doing on that fateful day. Lastly, examples of nonnormative or highly individualized life events could be anything from hitting it rich with the lottery, to an unexpected, devastating event like Hurricane Katrina. It may not have happened to all of us, but it influenced us all in different ways.When I began reading the part in Chapter 1 that was titled, Womens Struggle for Equality An International Journey, I was truly astonished by the figu res. It is wistful when I look around my neighborhood, and think that one in every six of these homes, a person is/was abused by their partner. Last weekend, my 10 year old son and I witnessed physical abuse as a girl was being drug as she was attempting to get into the passenger side of a vehicle while at our local Burger King. Then the teenage boyfriend began slapping her. My son and I were panicking to help this young girl whom we didnt even know.I immediately called 9-1-1 and reported it to the authorities. The police arrived before we even left the parking lot, and I pray that this girl knows her worth in life, and realizes that she deserves better than that. The story in our textbook about Doly Akter, who is only 17 years of age and has lived her life in the slums of Bangladesh, is stepping out to do her part to help make her community a better one. She has created a club that is sponsored by UNICEF and goes door to door to monitor the hygiene and health of her neighbors.With her help, along with others that are a part of this phenomenal club, they are already seeing a major improvement in peoples health and hygiene. To make this story even better, she is talking to parents of girls to explain that arrange child marriages are not always in the best interest of these young ladies and staying in school will improve the lives of these girls. Health care in America has done amazing things for their citizens but still has a long way to go. I dont want to imagine that when I rifle older, I only have a 52% chance of receiving the recommended proper care to treat something as important as heart disease.Along with the organisation regulated Medicare, and improper care for the millions of senior citizens in the United States, I can only hope that it gets better and fast to help these people. With the (2) factors that show that at presents senior citizens need our help more know that decades earlier, it should be our duty and privilege to help them. Going to y our local Senior living forwardness and seeing the many, who have no spouses still living, or no family to talk to, they are forced to go through their later part of life, not really communicating with others.

Should Defendants with Traumatic Brain Injuries Be Held Accountable for Their Actions Essay Example for Free

Should Defendants with scathetic Brain Injuries Be Held Accountable for Their Actions EssaySix weeks after acquire his drivers license, Christopher Tiegreen was in a car collision near his home in Gainesville, Ga. Tiegreens Isuzu Trooper flipped several times, causing severe place injuries. A month later, Tiegreen emerged from a coma a distinct person. The impact of the crash caused damage to the frontal lobe of his point and sheargond his brain stem. During his recovery and rehabilitation, the normally gentle Tiegreen became furious toward his mother, as well as with other family members and rehab staff. On Sept. 1, 2009, Tiegreen walked out of a duplex apartment where he was supposed to be down the stairs 24-hour supervision. In a yard nearby he attacked a young wo domain holding her 20-month-old son. He was charged with aggravated assault, criminal attempt to excite a felony, false imprisonment, battery, sexual battery and cruelty to a child in the third degree. (Davi s, 2012). Is Christopher Tiegreen a different person now, with a severely stricken mental capacity, because of his traumatic brain injury, or is he just an angry, violent person who has simply committed his first villainy?More succinctly do Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) cause violent behavior in previously normal multitude, or is the TBI personality change simply a smoke binding being used to defend people with dangerous personality traits who happen to have a brain injury? To begin with, a definition of Traumatic Brain disgrace, especially as opposed to a head injury, as most people do confuse the two. The Mayo Clinic defines Traumatic Brain Injury as Traumatic brain injury occurs when an external mechanical force causes brain dysfunction. The Mayo Clinic, 2012). Traumatic brain injury usually results from a violent blow or jolt to the head or body. An object penetrating the skull, such as a bullet or shattered piece of skull, likewise can cause traumatic brain injury. (Th e Mayo Clinic, 2012). A Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is non a head injury, it is not a concussion nor an injury to the skull or spine it is exclusively an injury the brain (and/or brain stem). With the definition clear, we see that the statistics regarding TBIs are shocking Dr.William Winslade provides the following maturation from 2003, Traumatic brain injury for decades has been, and continues to be, a major public health job in the United States. Car crashes, gunshot wounds, falls and sports injuries account for two million brain injuries a year, nearly 400,000 hospital admissions, and at least 60,000 deaths. Approximately 90,000 people suffer a severe brain injury and lead but require extended, expensive rehabilitation. approximately 2,000 people a year lapse into permanent unconsciousness lasting for months or years before they die. (Winslade, 2003).Some survivors of traumatic brain injury fully recover, but m each others experience a multitude of cognitive, emotional an d behavioral disabilities. (Winslade, 2003). As a survivor of a traumatic Brain Injury, the unhurried faces a myriad of recovery issues, not simply medical issues such as headaches, lethargy, pain in the distal limbs, nomenclature issues, attention deficit and memory loss may affect cognitive functioning. Per Dr. William Winslade, an expert on Traumatic Brain Injuries the changes in an individual with a TBI are profound and noticeable Personality changes are common.Those who were calm and affirmled may become quick-tempered and impulsive. In some people anger erupts into aggressive attacks on others. umteen with severe brain injuries lack the ability to control their thoughts, emotions, impulses and their conduct. They may become uninhibited, promiscuous, anxious, paranoid or violent. (Winslade, 2003). It is precisely these personality changes that makes Traumatic Brain Injuries so different from head injuries such as concussions, which do not present any marked changes is per sonality.Courts in the United States have increasingly been faced with the question as to whether or not the profound changes that are associated with TBIs should be considered a mitigating factor in trying defendants with the injury, or in determining what their sentences should be and where they should serve their time, if any in a prison or in a mental health facility. According to Duke University researcher Nita Farahany, the number of cases in which judges have menti stard neuroscience consequence in their opinion increased from 112 in 2007 to more than than 1,500 in 2011. (Koebler, 2012).The use of neuroscience in the courtroom is definitely increasing, Nita Farahany has been tracking criminal cases in which lawyers have introduced neuroscientific turn out since 2004. By combing legal opinions, shes found near 2,000 examples, with 600 of those cases in 2011 alone. (Davis, 2012). While attorneys have tried to win cases based on the lack of control over impulses based on t he defendant having a TBI, The biggest way in which neuroscience is being used in the courtroom is to mitigate punishment in one way or another, Farahany says, adding that its almost exclusively used in death penalty cases. They say they have a history of brain injury and trauma to say I have a different brain than the average person. Because of that difference, I have less control over myself. (Koebler, 2012).While medical scan, such as CAT scans and MRIs can show a difference in the appearance of the brain itself, there is scant evidence that these damaged brains are genuinely the cause of crimes committed by defendants suffering from a personality change brought on by a Traumatic Brain Injury. The science behind these brain scans is still in its infancy, but neuroscientists point to anecdotal evidence that traumatic brain injury or brain abnormalities can cause criminal behavior. (Koebler, 2012). at that place is a case that many legal professionals point to when arguing the point for special consideration when trying or sentencing a defendant with a TBI. In 2002, a 40-year-old Virginia teacher was caught viewing child pornography and making advances on his stepdaughter. He was convicted of child molestation, but the night before he went to jail, he went to the twist with a crippling headache and confessed he might commit rape.Doctors found something they didnt expect A brain tumor. The cancerous tumor was putting pressure on his orbifrontal cortex, which controls impulse and judgment. The tumor was removed, and the man no longer exhibited pedophilic tendencies. (Koebler, 2012). The fact that is most persuasive with this case is the fact that once the tumor, and the pressure it was exerting on the orbifrontal cortex, were removed the patient no longer exhibited any pedophilic tendencies. Could this be the answer to whether or not TBIs do so adversely affect individuals that the personality changes they exhibit should not be held against them in the l egal forum?Not necessarily. Daniel Martell, a forensic neuropsychologist who examined Weinstein and testified for the prosecution, says the brain images were nothing more than fancy pictures meant to stir a jury. It was the Christmas tree effect, Martell says. Lots of people ooh and aah at the pictures. It doesnt tell you anything about a persons behavior. (Davis, 2012). Martell makes the point that many attorneys take when faced with opposing counsel who is presenting the TBI demur, stating that the profound changes in persons with TBIs should be a mitigating factor in trials and during sentencing. That hasnt stopped defense attorneys from trying to introduce evidence of damaged brains into the courtroom, including brain scans. One such case, a great deal cited in law and neuroscience journals, is that of New York advertising executive Herbert Weinstein, 65, who was arrested on charges that he strangled his second wife, Barbara, and threw her out the window of their 12th-floor M anhattan apartment in 1991 during an argument about their children. Weinstein never denied killing his wife.His lawyer, Diarmuid White, argued that Weinstein was not himself due to an arachnoid cyst on his brain. White contended that the cyst caused pressure on part of Weinsteins temporal lobe, flexile his self-control and emotional regulation. Zachary Weiss, the New York City district attorney who prosecuted the case, thought it was simply a matter of a man getting angry at his wife and killing her. That was until White sent him the brain scan during discovery. I got this picture in the mail and thought youve got to be joking, Weiss recalls. It got complicated. I called this the rich mans defense. Whether Weinsteins brain made him do it or not, Weiss believes the case was important.It opened up a pass on academically about responsibility and excuse will, and how we evaluate scientific evidence, says Weiss, twenty years after the case Martell still believes brain scans dont expl ain specific behaviors. The problem is that the science has not come along to support what the scan means, says Martell, now a Newport Beach, Calif. based consultant for criminal as well as civil cases. Since the 90s, weve been much break at generating the cool pictures than we are at explaining what they mean. (Davis, 2012). The opinion that Martell expresses about TBIs is not rare many in the legal profession see the whole TBI debate as another smoke and mirror defense on par with the famous Twinkie defense interesting and impressive in the courtroom, but lacking in any real legal merit. There is a group of individuals whose TBIs are taken into special onsideration combat veterinarys. Among the growing number of cases involving neuroscientific evidence are those that have-to doe with combat veterans from Afghanistan and Iraq as defendants. (Davis, 2012).Dr. Chrisanne Gordon, a Columbus, Ohio, rehabilitation medicine specialist who works with brain-injured vets, is one of thre e authors who wrote a chapter about traumatic brain injury. Theyre not insane, theyre not retarded, but they frequently have issues with impulse control and fall through the cracks of the legal system, she says. (Davis, 2012). Combat veterans pose a desperate problem for the court systems judging them as defendants because their injuries are usually combat related most people view them with a particular amount of sympathy because they certain their injury in a heroic manner serving the country. Agreeing that veterans legal situations are difficult to handle, at best, it has been suggested that courts need to view veterans with an air of compassion.There are courts who are taking definitive steps when dealing with combat veterans with TBIs who have ended up as defendants. One of veterans biggest allies in Ohio is state Supreme Court Justice Evelyn Stratton, who plans to work full time with veterans justice issues after she retires later this year. She supports the development of mor e veterans treatment courts and hopes to change sentencing guidelines to ensure judges in all courts look at a defendants military service record. We sine qua non them to look at war experience as mitigation, she says. And we want them at least to look at the causes of what happened. (Davis, 2012). Traumatic Brain Injuries are not childlike to define and apply to a law principle they allow that a defendant can be found not guilty of a crime because of their mental health issues, saying, in essence, that the defendant is not responsible for their crime because they had no real understanding of their actions or the consequences thereof.It will take many more years of research, to produce empirical evidence to supplement the anecdotal evidence that does exist, to determine if the dramatic personality changes that patients with Traumatic Brain Injuries exhibit, has the brain been so physically damaged that the victims of TBIs are no longer able to control themselves, or is the Trauma tic Brain Injury defense simply a criminal defense flavor of the week.

Role of the church in secular concerns of its congregants Essay Example for Free

Role of the church in secular concerns of its congregants EssayAs famed and important as the role of the swart church in inspiring community service by its congregants is the service provided by the church for its congregants secular concerns. church building programs fuck often encompass all areas of a congregants secular life. Social interaction and personal relationships are fostered among the congregation social services much(prenominal) as youth ministry and care for adolescents, literacy programs, economic development programs and physical and mental health programs are provided traditional ministeral services such as trouble counseling and marriage counseling are also benefits of the membership in the B privation church. Many of these services have been the subject of acquire and inquiry in recent years, and a review of extant literature can provide insight into the role of the modern Black church.PHYSICAL HEALTH PROGRAMS Health and hang-up care programs are som e of the most important secular program offered by Black churches to their congregations.The health picture of Afro-Americans is grim higher rates of diabetes and tinder disease, lower birth rates and life expectancies, higher infant mortality, and higher rates of psychological problems are all exacerbated by lower levels of health indemnification coverage and racial discrimination in health care (NEEDS CITE). Church-based health programs are a vital resource for the underserved population of the church community.The Los Angeles Mammography Promotion in Churches Program, a Los Angeles area health initiative sponsored by the RAND Corporation, which targeted an underserved population (older Black women) for health screening care including mammograms, ran from 1996 to 1998, with 18 Black churches participating. The aims of the study were twofold oneness, to lay the feasibility of churches as focal points for community health programs and two, to test the effectiveness of church-ba sed programs aimed at increasing preventative health care access to underserved populations.The authors considered that the church can be an important conduit through which to inform racial/ethnic minorities about preventative care, and that the Black church, because of its ethic of service to others, is peculiar(prenominal)ly well-suited for health promotion (Markens , 2005, 805). The authors of the study, Markens, Fox, Teub and gibibyte (2002), surveyed the pastors of 16 of the churches upon completion of the program to determine the effectiveness of the program and its implementation.The survey illuminated not only the effectiveness and immensity of church-based health care programs for the Black community, but many a(prenominal) of the problems with implementation and participation in these programs. The authors note that given its historical and ongoing roles within the Black community, the church is an ideal setting in which to offer health promotion activities for African -Americans (2002, 805). In order to obtain answers about the church leaders perspective on the effectiveness of the program, the authors of the study interviewed xvi of eighteen pastors of the church where the program was implemented two of the pastors were excluded due to their short tenure with their churches, which meant that they had not been substantially involved in the program. The authors found that most of the pastors were mainly enthusiastic and positive about the program and their churchs participation in it however, there were also a number of criticisms of the study.The authors noted that what drew many of the pastors to participate in the study was their holistic approach to ministry. One participant, lofty Henry, said I try to have a holistic ministry, one that not only deals with the soul but the body as well there are many facets to us that make up whole mess, and each one needs to be dealt with and the church can be a focal point in dealing with the needs of th e whole person I savour very strongly that the physical wellbeing of the person is as important as their sacred wellbeing. (Markens , 2002, 807).Some participants in the study went even further than Reverend Henry, expressing a dislike of the idea of the separation of spiritual and secular concerns and explicitly linking spiritual and physical health. Reverend Ellington, another participant, remarks there are a get by of people because of a spiritual mentality, they believe that the Lord will do everything and they really dont have to be overzealous about doing anything so you have to keep telling them that the doctor is there because God put him here. So then youre supposed to utilize that source.And so thats my multifariousness of emphasis, that I keep people interested in their whole body. (Markens , 2002, 807). More pragmatically, many participants recognized that physical health was important to the congregation because it could affect spiritual goals. Reverend Henry noted if you dont keep people alive, youre not going to have a congregation All the respondents to the study took the health of their congregation seriously, and considered it to be a matter of pastoral concern, disputing the idea that it was a secular matter (Markens , 2002, 808).One participant in the study, Reverend Hill, echoed a common sen judgment of convictionnt when he remarked the only reason for a church to be in existence is to better the community otherwise, its not a church (Markens , 2002, 807). The eagerness and appreciation of community projects was a common attitude among the survey respondents. In a number of churches, the Los Angeles Mammography Promotion in Churches Program served as a gatekeeper for other church-based community health programs, often instigated or arranged by church members and pastors who observed the success of the mammography program.Programs such as diabetes and line of merchandise pressure screenings, health fairs and even the establishment of p ermanent Health Committees and Bible aerobics (a combination of a low-impact aerobics program with Bible study) were put into fix in the participating churches, widening the congregations access to preventative health screening and care (Markens , 2002, 807). Not all of the responses to Markens study were positive. in that location were a number of barriers to care and the success of the program cited in the pastoral survey.The most common thread was lack of time on the part of the pastor to oversee the program the responses speak to a larger problem within the church, that of high-stress leadership positions within the church. Reverend Hill stated pastoring is one of the most nerve-racking positions in America Mainly because youre constantly on the go and consistently on call in the electronic age, you have a pager on either side, you have a cell phone in your hand.You gotta check your email every day. And every time the phone rings youre concerned youre looking at a stressful society. (Markens , 2002, 808). At the same time, the presence of the pastor is extremely important in the Black church, people want to hear the voice of the leader some things just cannot be delegated ((Markens , 2002, 808). There were other problems with the study that did not depend on the amount of time the pastor could devote to overseeing it.The smaller churches in the study didnt have a lot of resources to draw on for financial support, which complicated administration of the program (many of the pastors worked second jobs in addition to overseeing the administration of the church. ) As the authors note, Ironically, then, the Black churchs history of involvement in community and secular activities that makes them ideal sites for health interventions can at the same time possibly affect a pastors willingness to participate in new health programs (808). Finally, the very lack of formal programs and secular support for the congregations health care affected the involvement of the congregation in the health intervention program. The combination of a lack of accustomed medical care, particularly preventative care and screening available to more affluent members of society, and a history of exploitation and abuse among the root resulted in an unwillingness to participate in a research study, regardless of how worthy it was (Markens , 2002, 809).The power of the Black church, although considerable, is not always enough to overcome the immaterial pressure of the dominant culture. Another project that undertook a community health initiative within a Black church was endure DIRECT (Diabetes Interventions range and Educating Communities Together). Project DIRECT, a federally funded research project sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Reid , 569).Project DIRECT was founded in 1994 in southeast Raleigh, compass north Carolina,, with the intended purpose of providing community care, education, screening and prevention resources in orde r to reduce the high rate of type II diabetes experienced within the African-American community in the region. This research project also examined the influence of another African-American institution, the historically Black university North Carolina Central University (NCCU), located in Raleigh, as a resource for community health programs.Reid state, Historically, African American people have turned to the church for information about services of value and importance to them (571). The authors note that the study was designed to take into account the fact that churches often have limited resources and are often overwhelmed with requests to participate in community health studies careful organization of the study was required to avoid negatively impacting the pastor and outreach ability.The demographic profile of the church was considered more important for targeting church participation than the designation of the church however, there was no easy way to determine the demographic profile of any given church. In order to determine this, NCCU students participating in the study attended services at the church (with the pastors prior knowledge), and introduced themselves as Project DIRECT staffers during the fellowship time, discussing the project with those who showed an interest in it.The researcher observation allowed the Project to create a congregational health assessment tool ( berate) used to determine the needs of the demographic served by the particular church, followed by a congregational health action plan (CHAP), customized to the churchs demographic. Church leaders were then engaged in providing their congregation with the seize contacts for education and management of type II diabetes within their congregation.The authors note that the outcome was positive several churches reorganized or supplemented their health and social ministries on the findings of the CHAT and CHAP, and pastor response was positive. The interaction between the NCCU student s and the church leaders and congregation was also noted as a positive outcome by the researchers the Project DIRECT experience precipitated the founding of an interdepartmental masters program in Community Health at NCCU, using the lessons learned to create a professional community health coordinator skill set within the community.