Economic policies of the UK on overcoming global financial crisis of Essay

Economic policies of the UK on overcoming global financial crisis of 2008 - Essay Example Every crisis has a unique cause, as well as characteristics; however, the following are typical amongst the factors responsible for generating this disaster: overshooting of markets; rise in credit; excessive debt leveraging; incorrect view of dangers; a country’s capital flight; off-balance sheet procedures by banks; macroeconomic policies that are non-sustainable; deregulation with no appropriate system of supervision; and latest financial instruments utilized in an inappropriate manner. The distinctiveness of the current disaster is that it happens to be a combination of a financial crisis coming from one of the largest world economy, i.e. the USA, with a universal downturn. The present financial crisis got triggered by the replete of the housing bubble, together with the consequent sub-prime mortgage crisis within the USA. Although the crisis has not yet been thoroughly analyzed, there are suggestions by experts that a number of causes explaining the reasons for the sub-pr ime crisis, which exploded in August 2007 in the USA ( Hansjorg & Milka 2011, p.36). There are two significant trends in the years resulting in the crisis; firstly, interest rates had been dropping since the 1980s, secondly, following the financial crisis in Asia during 1997–1998, countries began accumulating foreign exchange reserves, aided by the current account deficit of the US. The majority of countries diverted part of their reserves to sovereign wealth funds put into higher-yielding assets compared to the US Treasury, in addition to other government securities, streaming into high technology stocks and, following the â€Å"dot.com Bubble† spout in 2000, to housing markets within the USA and countries such as the UK. The continuous falling of interest rates, along with the large...This paper clearly outlines the effectiveness of the economic response of the UK to the global financial crisis challenges. Every crisis has a unique cause, as well as characteristics; however, the following are typical factors responsible for their origination: overshooting of markets; rise in credit; excessive debt leveraging; incorrect view of dangers; a country’s capital flight; off-balance sheet procedures by banks; macroeconomic policies that are non-sustainable; deregulation with no appropriate system of supervision; and latest financial instruments utilized in an inappropriate manner. In March 2011, the Government published its â€Å"Plan for Growth† This plan had four ambitions: creating the most competitive system of tax within the G20 group of key economies; making the UK the best place within Europe for starting, financing and growing business; encouraging investment, as well as exports as a key to a more balanced economy; and finally creating a more educated workforce that happens to be the most flexible within Europe. Amongst the measures announced were a lessening in the tax rate on the profits of businesses; an internationally competitive tax rule governing multinational organizations; tax enticement for company investment; an embalm of deregulation particularly for helping small businesses; additional investment within infrastructure, science, vocational training, research and development. In 2009, the international leadership of the UK through its chairmanship of the G20 assisted the world in taming the worst economic crisis. It succeeded in drawing the leaders of the world's main economies at the G20 Summit thereby agreeing on strongly coordinated action of stabilizing the world economy.

Cause and Effects of the invention of the Handphone Essay

Cause and Effects of the invention of the Handphone - Essay Example ated with using its sister-appliances – the telephone that had to be used within an area having a landline, and the carphone that involved using a device that was specially designed and fitted into automobiles. In both cases, the telephone users were forced to use the devices only when in close proximity to them {either at home/workplace or in the automobile}. The second cause was the bulky size of the telephone and carphone. People needed to have a smaller, lighter device that could be carried around easily. The third cause was the troublesome before and after subscription activities. Applying for a landline telephone is a lengthy process involving filling in bulky application forms, visiting the telecommunications office and waiting for subsequent installation visits by their technicians. For carphones, there is the hassle of ensuring that the chosen model fits correctly into the vehicle. Telephone or carphone bills have to be paid on time to ensure that the service is not t erminated. The fourth cause was that there was no text message that could be referred to; users of the telephone and carphone were constrained to limit their message to words, many of which are bound to be forgotten once the conversation ended. The last cause was the danger of being involved in car accidents due to diversion of attention caused by carphone conversations. The invention of the handphone has had several effects on society. First of all, people are able to benefit not only from communication via conversations, but in many other ways. The handphone has several other services such as Short Message Service {SMS} for exchanging text messages, email, packet switching to gain connection to the Internet, Bluetooth, games, camera with video recording and Multimedia Messaging Service {MMS} that can send and receive photographs and video clippings. Secondly, there is no restriction to using the handphone; it can be used in all areas where there could be no communication earlier, such as

Video rental and sales system

Video rental and sales system A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the University of Greenwichs Bsc (Hons) Software Engineering Abstract In the current business functions, an especially rental resource is on of the main challenging part. So that, utilising the resources that are implemented by the companies. The business processes are the major task according to the project budget as well as time limitation. So that software solutions those managing and controlling the functions has to be analysed in a proper way to obtain the successful use of them. The report illustrate about the project that analyse the problem of renting and how to gain the solution for those procedures. Video rental and sales is a complete software solution for controlling and managing rentals of customers. This research is all about controlling and managing resources for everyday rentals. Based on the client needs the resources could be rented. An excellent desktop application has been processed and implemented in order to manage that resource that is currently used by the video rental system. This system solution has been implemented using the technologies of front-end Microsoft Vb.Net and back end SQL Server. Preface This thesis is partial fulfilment of university of the Greenwich undergraduate programme, prepared and submitted by me. This software project helps me a lot to gain knowledge in different parts such as software design and development.   During this project research and development period, I get the clear understanding, how these software engineering principals, technologies can be applied in real time projects. This project approach as a practical way in all stages of software development and make me clear in every stages that software engineering techniques could be applicable.    I am a software engineering student. In this case, this project is closely related to my programme of study and other subjects. My current study is helps me each stage of this project such as system analysis, designing, coding, testing, implementing, Etc, to a develop a final solution for this business. I use MicrosoftVb.Net programming language in order to develop the proposed system. I implemented desktop application the help with Microsoft.net framework based on the customer requests. Moreover this project gives some ideas to access the a range of software engineering techniques and tools for the successful project. Acknowledgements This work carried out for this project would not have been a success without the good guidance a given to me by various people and various time. There are many people helped me. First, special thanks to my project Supervisor Mr. Alexander M. Fedorec and Second Marker. Who helped me in the literature review part and guide me to get the Approval for the Ethical Research application. His comments and guidance helps me to make this report according to a professional standard. My thanks to all the lecturers and University staffs specially library staffs who guide me to get good online journals from the Student portal. In addition, thanks to the authors of articles and magazines which are really helps to my final Document. At last, I wish to thank my Colleagues, their reviews and proof reading about my project helps me to do   more reliable and useful last time. 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Information At present world, widely the uses of software solutions for the companies are considerably increased. The reason is they might get whole solution for their entire services in a single software application rather than doing sub services. It will save lots of money, time and human resources, etc. Therefore most of companies are likes to computerize for their business operations. The melodius company Current situation is they do not have any improved technology. They are spending a lots money, time consuming, extra workers, etc to run their business operations. As a result of these the melodius company has decided to computerize their business. They are trying to make a new revolution in the video rental market. 1.2 Overview The melodius video rental (pvt) Ltd started its business operations as a small size in 2000.And gradually extend out their business to length and breath. Video rental main purpose is renting and selling Video DVDs, Audio CDs, etc. Purchase the products from the supplier and Allocates the products (CDs, DVDs) for sales and rental is the main area of concern for this company. Each staff of the company from top level to bottom level has a typical, free and unique role to play for their company needs. If we have a look in the project proposal ,the main aim of this project is carry out a deep investigation about rental, sales operations and resources allocation for an integrated Movie rental and sales system. The proposed software package gives some improved facilities to the Staffs and the users To run their business smoothly. This could be an entire solution for movie rental and sales functions problems. According the company needs operations are able to divide in to two main types. Such as Sales and Rental. At present the company keeps all the paperworks, documents in manual form. The Following modules are currently in process in the system, Member, Employee, Supplier, Sales, Rental, Payment, product. These existing operations are linked to each other of the modules. Due to these reasons, management faces lots of difficulty. Generally, the overall existing system is slow and unsystematic. The current system and those issues have driven to the top management (Owner of the business) in order to choose for an alternative option. That will enable the company to improve its operations and good progress. There for the management has decided to computerize their existing manual operations. Here my duties and responsibility was to develop a video rental system and sought out these kinds of administration problems, give freedom to the management level people and let them do their central part activities. Moreover, giving an excellent customer service and user friendly product. 1.3 Scope of the project At present in real world, the new technologies are developed in every field. According to these changes, we have to adjust our business activities. This project overall target was design an excellent desktop application and implement for the melodius video company. This helps a lot to the Management and the staff to work for this company freely and pleasurably. The main purpose of this project creates a user friendly, unique and modern software package. With higher security facility (User levels, Password encryption). Make easier to use the forms with navigate Buttons. User could feel free and comfortable when he uses the system. 1.4 Aims and Objectives When the project was begun its cover the whole business operations and benefits of the system. In order to achieve these benefits a few objectives were initialized. Such objectives are. A deep investigation about the existing manual system and their accessible process measurements. Write   a system analysis report based on the system requirements Understand the requirements and the principles when developing a software application Design and develop a video rental system using software engineering techniques. Testing the video rental system using available accessible data. Evaluate the final product and think about new ideas to improve further development. 1.5 Project Management Methodology The successfulness of the project is depends on the selection of the technology, tools and how we are applied in the project. If we take our project, it was a long-term project and its takes more than six months time. The traditional waterfall model is most suitable for long time projects. According this project the waterfall model is most suitable. The following reasons are easy to identify the requirements that enable to develop the system is In. We require a life cycle system. That is before being the system; the requirements are studied through the interview. It is not need to make the changes in the system and it is not advisable while creating the system or modifies the system. Hence since the steps to create this system is in co-ordination with the waterfall model. Therefore I have chosen this waterfall model. Which is follows. The Waterfall Model Each stage related into the next Feedback in the Waterfall Model The Advantages of using waterfall model is By far the most commonly used approach up to now. The waterfall model underpins all the most widely used methods. The stages are clear-cut. The innovative ideas were behind that documents are produced at each stage Consequently preferred by managers as easy to manage. All research and design done before coding starts, it means better quality program design. Well suited for developing stable and well understood computer-based applications. Feasibility study This feasibility study main aim is depth analysis and decides the melodius video rental company and about its businesses operations whether it will be operationally, financially or technically feasible to develop the software product. These studies involve analysis of current issues and gather the relevant informations. Here I have selected three important types of studies for measure the system success as the operational feasibility, technical feasibility, and economical feasibility. Operational feasibility The operational feasibility is discuses about the company performance, information, economy and control. 1. The management is not happy with existing the manual system. Because that is very slow and it is having many mistakes. So he doesnt like to work with the manual system. 2. The manager is unable to produce the day to day transactions and other business information from the departments. 3. They have to spend more time consuming to send information and to get information from the other departments. 4. Receipts or invoices are not in a clear format, when giving after the business transaction to a customer or supplier. 5. The economy level is poor which means its hard to get good benefits from the system. Because of the resources (Rental, communication, and electricity bill) cost is very high now days. For these reasons they have to reduce the cost. In order to increase the benefits. 6. The business datas handling is not a secure way. Anyone can handle the records. And higher possibility of data loses. 7. The management have to spend more time to search the information and produce the reports about their transactions. 8. The existing manual system is not flexible and more complicated there for they must have to computerize the existing system. Technical feasibility The technical feasibility analysis, what the technical resources are available in the system, and what are the technical resources are need for the new computerized the system. Available technical resource: Air conditions facilities, Fans, Tables, Chairs, Shelfs They have limited technical resources. Earlier they have done all operations manually so they didnt need any technical resources. When they have work with computerized system they must need some all the relevant technical resources and the trained staffs. Following resources are needed in order to develop the system. Computers Processor: Pentium 2.2GHz or more Hard drive: 40GB or More. RAM: 512MB or more. Network cables switches CD-ROM drive. Monitor 15 colour colour printer black white printer Software requirements: Windows operating system. Special software for sales rental Microsoft Visual basic .Net SQL Database Economical feasibility The economical feasibility analyses about the cost and benefits of the company existing system and proposed system. Such as Software development coast, Hardware coast, as well as the system running coast. Schedule feasibility study The aim of the Schedule feasibility is analysis the planning and assessing the time period for the completion of this project Analysis-This analyse part, the problems and objectives were identified and the user requirements for the project. It takes two weeks time. Design-Based on the user requirements this part focuses on the system design. It could be divided in to two main parts. It takes three weeks time. Development-This part took six weeks time to develop the software product. Testing-In this testing part, two testing types took place. First, is unit testing and second is Acceptance testing in order to find out errors and solve the errors. This takes one weeks time. Implementation-The implementation section will show how section implemented. This takes one weeks time. Maintain-This part checks the objectives of the project and that it has met the user requirements. And this tells the project successfulness. 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction A large amount of analytical and theoretical works discovers new things, thorough that can encourage Effective improvements. However, it is essential to study the direct connections based on observation and research in order to get in to the related various type of efficiency achievements. In this literature, review I analysed based on research and observation straight away in the video rental business in order to find the key points and drawbacks. At presents the video rental business being the main topic of deep concern from the operations management community (Drezner and Pasternack, 1999; Dana and Spier, 2001; Pasternack, 2001; Lariviere and Cachon, 2002) Re: Coordination of quantity and shelf-retention timing in the video movie rentalindustryGerchak, Y; Cho, RK; Ray, S | IIE TRANSACTIONS | 2006-0738:7, | 525-536 | Description: Times Cited: 6 Because people are thinking now a days home video is very good leisure and it is a valuable entertainment expenses, which is make movie rental as a big business.   Normally video DVDs or CDs available on hand to the public, after a few months from release. These materials are available to public in two ways; first one is renting DVDs or CDs from rental Stores second one is selling DVDs form Retail Stores. My project deals with both Rental and Sales. According this system three main type of people will work Admin and staff who control the system. Supplier who providing the resources (CDs, DVDs) Member who renting or buying the CDs. Normal Customer who only buying CDs Companys main focus is video rental and sales. Currently the company give services to their customers through their manual system and handling all the transactions by manually. Its inconvenient to the customer often. For this reason the company has lose the customers in past and their turnover is shrinking when compare other stores. So the management has decided to computerize the transactions instead their existing manual system in order to give the efficient and improved services to their customers. This literature review will carried out the problems and make sure the work is going right way and valuable. Problems identified in the current system 1. Handling customer They are handling their customers manually. This will cause them difficulty and time consuming to search a Customer card. In case if a record has not been entered in to the required file or a book, there may be some disagreements between the customers and the employees of the company. This leads to shrink the fame of the company. Solution:-Handling and maintain of the customers in a glowing comportment. 2. Maintaining the sales records The sales records of the company are not kept very effectively. Records cannot be easily track in case of future reference. The company cannot have a well planned future business because it cant go through the past records and most of the records are not very accurate. Solution:-Well organized method of handling of all the sales. 3. Maintaining the information of their products The details of their products are not kept in a well organized manner and cannot be referred when needed. The products sold, and the stock balance is not easily tracked, hence the shortage or some time certain important products maybe out of stock, then in such a circumstance customer satisfaction will be very much reduced. Solution:-All the products and its brands are clearly following a path. 4. Problems on maintaining the Payment Sometime they may ask the customer to pay for one product twice by mistake, such incident will make to shrink the good relation and the trust of the customer, making to lose customers confidence as well loosing the customer. Solution:-Product balance can be tracked time to time. 5. Maintaining the supplier information There would be a lot of suppliers. Its difficult to find a supplier detail without being delayed or maybe in some cases they might loss a contact detail of a particular supplier, which might be an important contact for a special product or a Brand, loosing this sort of information will make the company to have problems of finding products of famous brands. Solution:-All the supplier information will be collect then and there. 6. No updated information available Updated information is not very easy to provide to customers if the company runs manually. Solution:-Brands and latest editions that are being handled by the company can be tracked without doubt. 7. Payments can only be made by cash or credit payments Running manually, the company could have only the payment methods of cash and cheques. This is a great disadvantage for the customers who use the credit payment card. Solution:-Payment can be made in cash or credit, and efficient and quick service can be provided. 8. Problem:-Dissatisfaction of customers While the business is running on the manual system, the customers would not be satisfied of the services provided to them. They might have to wait in a long queue to pay for the items they bought. This may be due to the absence of the employees or maybe due to the slow system of the company. Solution:-Membership form will be filled automatically, according to the sales that are made and this would only be for the required sales. Some additional solutions Make sure the integration, integrity and independently for the video rental system and reduce as soon as possible changes for human errors by introducing database concepts. Introduce high secure functionality. It is important that customers and the suppliers information be prevented from leaked out. System will also enables the management to do accurate calculation as well as obtain reports such as total income for the given time period. Better utilization of storage space. Doing away with manual will reduce the space taken up by the data storage. This can be utilizing the better for other purpose. A comprehensive project database that act as a central repository to track the below mentioned needs. Define work in progress. Easy access for the items short shipped on the order. Easy to scheduling and tracking records Easy of maintaining, schedules, monitoring, reporting of progress. 2.2 Legal Social Ethical and Professional Issues and Considerations In this project, I am used copyright material, such as Microsoft products, and Adobe products. Im used university of Greenwich licence to use the other related soft wares. As a university student, I have the rights to use university resources. Some Interviews and questionnaire done by me with Owner of the business, staffs and some customers. In the project there are no any personal datas did not collected. Therefore, the data protection will not affect my project. All the collected data is stored in my personal computer with password protection. All the information will be deleted after completion this project. 4 Requirements Analysis 4.1 Introduction When consider about software development projects, requirement analysis is a most important part. In this part, be able to collect informations together about current situations in order to indentify the drawbacks about the system. This requirement analysis should be correct, testable and relevant to the company requirements. Moreover, it must be significant to system designing part. 4.2 Requirements Gathering In this part requirements can be collect in to the system boundary by contact the users to find out their requirements. In this part used to gather different types of techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, observation, etc 4.2.1 Questionnaires   Questionnaires are quick gather information from large amount of people in a certain period. It is possible to do paper based document either electronic copy. In addition, it is very cost effective method when compare with interview. Major advantages are most of the people are familiar to questionnaires and very easy to analyse.   This questionnaire has been used to gather informations from the customers. Questionnaires with customers    Melodius video 1. Role of person completing this form a. Manager (other company) b. Administrator c. Computer Programmer d. Customer 2. When you contact a melodius video representative, is he/she courteous? Are you satisfied with the way your problems or questions are handl? a. Most Satisfiedb. Satisfied b. Ok  c. Dissatisfied 3. How you feel other music centre compared to melodius video? a. Excellentb. Very good c. Good  d. Poor 4. How do you feel when you pay by using the membership card? a. Most Satisfied      b. Satisfied b. Okc. Dissatisfied 5. Who is the person in our organization you contact most frequently? a. Company Owner   b. Sales men b. Manager  d. Others 6. How you are, feel about our payment system? a. Excellentb. Very good c. Goodd. Poor 7. Comments (Please write us on the back of this form) Questionnaires with customers Answer sheet Melodius Video 1. Role of person completing this form a. a. Manager (other company)-16   b. Administrator-5 b. c. Computer Programmer-3 d. Customer-26 2. When you contact a melodius video representative, is he/she courteous?    Are you satisfied with the way your problems or questions are handle? a. Most Satisfied   -5    b. Satisfied-15 b. Ok -25    c. Dissatisfied -5 3. How you feel other music centre is compare to melodius video? a. a. Excellent -15  b. Very good-10 b. c. Good-20  d. Poor-5 4. How do you feel when you pay by using the membership card? a. Most Satisfied   -10   b. Satisfied-12 b. Ok -8 c. Dissatisfied-20 5. Who is the person in our organization you contact most frequently? a. Company Owner -6    b. Sales men-24 b. Manager -10   d. Others -10 6. How you are, feel about our payment system? a. a. Excellent-5  b. Very good-5 b. c. Good -15   d. Poor-25 7. Comments? (Please write us on the back of this form) 4.2.2 Interviews Interviews are one of the most common and powerful techniques to find out the requirements. This brings to face-to-face contact with customers or staffs to discover their requirements. And interviews are makes a higher response rate. Also, make clear about doubts and make sure that perfectly understood by repeating questions. Appropriate People 1. Company Owner 2. Company manager 3. Payment Division manager 4. Stock division manager 5. Purchase division manager 6. Sales division manager 7. Lending manager Interview with Company Owner: Objectives: 1. Get the permission to analyze the system. 2. Identify the people who are participating the system. 3. Study about the problems of the existing system. 4. His/her expectation about the new system. Questions: 1. What are the major departments you have? 2. What are they doing? 3. What are the problems are you facing with in the current system? 4. How should be the proposed system? 5. What are the facilities you want to include with the proposed system? 6. Do you have enough money for the new system? Interview with Company manager Objectives: 1. Study the problems with the existing system. 2.   Study about manager work. 3.   Study about what are the difficulties he/she facing his/her work. 4.   Who are the people involved with each departments Questions: 1. How you are working for current system? 2. What are the problems you are facing for the current system? 3. Are you satisfied with other staff work? 4. What are you expect of the new system. Interview with payment Division manager Objectives: 1. Know the problems with the existing payment system. 2. Study about his/her work. 3. Identify the difficulties with his/her work.   Questions:   How you are working for existing payment system? What are the problems are you facing for the current system? When more customers come to make the payment, can you manage? How will your action if a customer is not made his payment? 5. How you handle your payment database? Interview with stock Division manager Objectives: 1. Know the problems with the existing payment system. 2. Study about his/her work. 3. Identify the difficulties with his/her work. Questions: 1. How you are working for existing system? 2. What are the problems are you facing for the Stock activities? 3. When more and more items come to the stock, how can you handle? 4. Do you like increase stock division people amount? What are the reasons? 5. How you handle your stock database? Summarize of the interview Interviewer: Company owner Subject: Study of the company Duration: Two hours Mr. Thanushan is the owner of the melodious video company. He likes to build the manual system to the computerize system, because the company staff have to work quickly and accurately. For that, he is satisfied to have a centralized database. He is not satisfied to have an online computerize system. In addition, he likes to have good quality software for the company sales, inventory rental activities. Thanking interview. Interviewer: Company Manager Subject: Study of the complete system Duration: Two hours Mr. David is company manager. He likes to work with computerize system, because the company staff have to work quickly and accurately. In addition, he is unable to get the information from the sub divisions. He is not satisfied to have an online computerize system. Moreover, he likes to have good quality software for the company sales, inventory rental activities. Thanking interview Interviewer: Payment division Manager Subject: Details of the payment system Duration: Two hours Mr. Suresh is the manager of the payment division. He likes to work with computerize system, and centralized database system, because he feel very difficult to work with the manual system. In addition, he has to generate the report quickly and accurately. Thanking interview Interviewer: Stock Division manager Subject: Details study of the stock activities Duration: Two hours Mr. Rohan is the manager of the stock division. He likes to work with computerize system, and centralized database system. Moreover, he likes to increase the stock division employees. In addition, he likes to have more shelves to keep the stock. Because he have difficult to keep the items without damages and the staff have to spend more time to find out the place of the items. Thanking interview Interviewer: Purchase division Manager. Subject: Details of the purchase activities Duration: Two hours Mr. Kishan is the manager of the purchase division. He likes to work with computerize system, and centralized database system, because he have to work quickly and accurately. And he likes to purchase the cds from good quality Product Company. For that, he likes to contract some good quality companies. Thanking interview. Interviewer: Sales division Manager Subject: Details analysis of the sales activities Duration: Two hours Mr.Roys is the manager of the sales division. He likes to work with computerize system, and centralized database syst

Types of Work-Based Learning Activities :: Education School Educational Papers

Types of Work-Based Learning Activities Work-based learning programs come in many forms and sizes. They may be designed exclusively for students at the secondary or postsecondary level or for students at both levels. Work-based learning programs may be schoolwide, districtwide, regional, or statewide, or they may be based on a combination of local and statewide implementation and oversight. Michigan's school-to-work system, for example, is designed and implemented by state and local personnel who work collaboratively to establish partnerships of employers, schools, labor organizations, parents, students, and community members to meet their local community needs by offering one or more occupational learning and career exposure activities (Ingham Intermediate School District [ISD] 1995a). The following forms of work-based learning are part of the occupational learning component of Michigan's work-based learning system (Ingham ISD 1995a, 1995b): - Contracted Instruction--career and technical education instruction and support services provided to students by a business, industry, or private educational agency through formal written agreements with public education agencies - Cooperative Education--programs combining classroom instruction with employment (part- time jobs during the school year or periods of study and employment alternating on a full-year, semester, or parallel basis) - School-to-Apprenticeship--work-based programs in which employers, employer associations, or employers and unions establish programs allowing high school students to participate in registered apprenticeships while completing their high school graduation requirements - Registered Apprenticeship--conventional apprenticeship programs registered with the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training - Career Exploration--programs involving job shadowing and/or worksite mentors); - Service Learning--programs combining meaningful community service with academic learning, personal growth, and civic responsibility - Career Internships--programs in which students spend time in a business, industry, or other organization to gain insight and direct experience - Career Academies--schools typically organized around a single employer or consortium of employers in an industry, and designed to increase awareness of career opportunities within particular occupational areas and teach the basic, life, and employment skills required for jobs or further training - School-Based Enterprises--programs in which groups of students produce goods or services for sale Another possible form of work-based education is work-based tech prep, which Bragg (1995) distinguishes from traditional tech prep programs on the basis of the higher visibility of employers. In work-based tech prep models, employers help develop formal plans linking students' school-based and work-based learning directly to their career goals, they provide formal work-based experiences, and they sponsor mentors and coaches.

Identify Risk, Threats, and Vulnerabilities

Some risks that I have identified are social engineering techniques due to the excessive trust given to messages coming from friends, contacts or followed people within the OSN(Online-Social Network) identity theft and information leaking furthermore, spam sending and malware distribution through Social Networks are increasing at an incredible pace. They are not the only threats. Within the World Wide Web, social network is becoming the favorite target for cybercriminals. This Attention requires an intensive focusing of web security efforts and money the most significant threats along with the common vulnerabilities exploited. Sensitive attribute inference through machine learning algorithms it is possible to infer sensitive data from one user. Collecting data from user’s contacts and experimented attacker can predict some not explicit data. For example, if all the friends of one user belong to one political party, it is safe to predict that the user has the same political ten dencies. Excessive exposition of private data inadequate privacy configuration settings may lead to publishing sensitive information. Some of the threats are private data management is a key feature that I have found inside of social networks. Digital dossier building- Everyone can collect published information through different OSN about one user and extract a complete dossier about it, Secondary Data Collection users may grant the platform secondary information (such as IP address, contacts list, messages or visited pages) Re-identification in spite of using fake data to register on a Social Network it is feasible to associate users shared data (such as text, photos, and video’s) with real names or e-mail directions. Vulnerabilities associated with OSN it is difficulty to completely remove all user information when deleting an account. When users try to leave a Social Network, license agreement clauses appear rights that are transferred to the platform when the content is uploaded. Thus if one would like to remove there uploaded material, it would find that the only way to do so is by deleting the videos or photos one by one manually another vulnerability would be weak authentication method on the internet are one of the most important vulnerabilities that web environments have nowadays. The combination of user-name and password is commonly misused by the user who seeks easy-to-remember login details (such as short user-name and passwords, passwords with no combination of numbers and letters same username and password for several domains) another vulnerability is non-validation of users data during registration process. Most of the OSN do not use a validation process during new user’s registration. Unfortunately, just checking a valid email address, the preferred validation requirements, is not an adequate method, which leads to proliferation of fake populating the network. In conclusion On-line social networks represent one of the last and most important internet services most of the enterprises hesitate to integrate OSN into their business model, this new phenomenon cannot be ignored, but neither can be adopted without knowing the risks account when attempting to protect users and systems. I have identified the risk, the threats that compromise them and noted the vulnerabilities exploited by those threats.

Lotf essays

Defend and/or criticize Ralph's actions as leader. What were his motivations? Did he contribute to the tragedy in any way? Could he have acted to prevent any of the deaths? What would you have done differently in his situation? . Describe the religious imagery in Lord of the Flies: the forces of good and evil, a all from grace, a savior, and eventual redemption. How does Goldings depiction of the island compare to the Garden of Eden? 3. Some readers of Lord of the Flies have argued that each and every one of the boys' actions is nothing more than an attempt to survive in difficult conditions. Think about the mounting of the sows head, Simon's ascent up the mountain, and the murder of Piggy in particular, as well as any other key scenes that stand out for you.Is it fair to say that the boys' actions were merely the result of the human survival instinct? Why or why not? If so, can you use these examples to draw some general conclusions bout the human instinct to survive? 4. Support the argument that Simon is a â€Å"Christ Figure. † Do you agree or disagree with the idea that Simon is a Christ Figure? Discuss the development of this character from the frail, shy, fainting kid to the well-developed character that faces the Lord of the Flies and the beast, eventually being sacrificed as a result. . The conch is an all-important symbol in the novel. It is almost a character in its own right. Trace the development of this symbol. How does Golding develop this shell into this symbol? Discuss what it means, and the effect it has on the group of oys, from the first assembly to its eventual destruction. You may want to include in your discussion its relation to characters like Ralph, Piggy, or even Jack. 6. Discuss the development of one of the major characters (Ralph, Piggy, Simon, Jack).How do they change from beginning to end? Is the change a â€Å"good† change, or a â€Å"bad† one? Be sure to support you response with specific examples from the t ext, as well as information you learned from class discussions (Simon as Christ Figure, or Piggy as representative of knowledge, etc. ) 7. Another topic that you feel strongly about – you have to prove a thesis using a upported argument, and your topic must be approved by me before you begin.

Yellow Journalism Research Paper Example

Yellow Journalism Research Paper Example Yellow Journalism Paper Yellow Journalism Paper Yellow Journalism Complete the graphic organizer using the information from Site 1 . Headlines Pulitzer and Hearst agreed that the key to selling a newspaper was an attention-grabbing emotional headline. At Site 2, click on Headline Gallery and look at the headlines from actual newspapers in 1898. Notice the word choices in the headlines. . List the words you see that appeal to peoples emotions: -vengeance, victory, slaughter, war, destroyed, enemy, conviction, criminals, death, perpetrator, outrage, crisis, treachery, blow 2. In the chart, rewrite the headlines below in the style of yellow journalism. Remember, you want each title to include alarming Or sensational words that would prompt people to buy the paper and find out more. For example, a headline that reads Politician Accused of Corruption might be rewritten as Scandal! Politician Caught in Shameless Crime! Headline Rewrite Dead Body Found in Creek Deceased Jane Doe found in Huntington Creek and too mutilated to be identified! Could we have a murderer on the loose? Grocery Store Robbed Thugs threaten our local businesses after the destructive robbery last night Coal Building Burned to the Ground Arson!! Local businesses and shops could be at risk!! It is a type of journalism that uses little to no true honest sources and just writes with catchy headlines and false gossip. It is all about catching the readers eye and getting them to read what is the supposed latest gossip. It also uses a lot of pictures and cartoons that appeal to the eyes of the buyer. It was used to make money for newspaper companies. All they care about is the money and that the buyers enjoy what they put out. They do not care if their facts are legitimate or not. It is all about making money and it was discovered and used as a smart marketing move. They also wanted to influence people of the United States at the time that war with Spain was necessary; therefore, they exaggerated all the war details and the war stories of what the Spanish were doing to the Cubans. There was a particular cartoon called The Yellow Kid that was used by the top magazines specifically by two men named Hearst and Pulitzer. This cartoon was very popular and it used yellow ink that caught buyers eye; therefore, the critics named the form of journalism after the cartoon. It was and still is used everywhere. It was originally discovered in New York City but its use and popularity did not stop there.

Identity Theft and Laws that Benefit the Customer essays

Identity Theft and Laws that Benefit the Customer essays California's new law requires banks, government agencies, e-commerce firms and others to notify customers if thieves target their computer systems (Block, 2003). "The goal is to give consumers information they need to protect themselves," says Palo Alto Assembly Member Joe Simitian, co- Many of California's identity theft laws benefit the customer, For instance, credit bureaus must enable consumer to establish a "freeze," prohibiting the credit bureau from giving report to anyone without the consumer's consent (Privacy Rights, 2003). An identity theft victim who provides the credit bureau with a copy of a police report is entitled to 12 free credit reports, one per month, in the 12 months from the date of the police report. Normally, customers would have to pay for this service. In addition, California law requires banks and other savings companies to cooperate with identity theft victims. These companies must provide on request of law enforcement or of an ID theft victim copies of applications, checks, account statements, and records of transactions initiated by an There are also laws that protect the security of personal information, including social security numbers and driver's license numbers (Privacy Rights, 2003). In addition, a sworn statement is required for issuance of certified copies of birth or death records. Many times consumers complain that this information is hard to change or replace; however, in the long run, they benefit from strict identity theft laws. In 2003, the state of California passed an identity theft law, SB 1386, several cases of identity theft were perpetrated by individuals who had stolen confidential client data from SANS Security Essentials (Bass, 2003). This breach in security came at a time when California legislators had already enacted a variety anti-identity-theft laws. SB 1386 responded to the increasing problem of identity theft in California,...

Daily Writing Habits And Routines By Writers For Writers - Freewrite Store

Daily Writing Habits And Routines By Writers For Writers - Freewrite Store The "Freewrite Stories" Series -   We at Astrohaus are always looking for ways to support and encourage passionate writers like yourself. The Freewrite Distraction-Free Smart Typewriter has helped thousands of writers get more writing done. Freewrite Stories is an initiative where we ask our community of great writers to share some of their stories and experiences. We’d like to foster a community where writers help other writers, and we hope this series does just that. The Freewrite Stories series will come in all shapes and sizes from short stories, poems, and tidbits to entire eBook collections. The series will also be divided into themes from â€Å"Writing Process† to â€Å"Publishing.† Freewrite Stories: Writing Process Vol. 1 - In this first article, we asked a few active Freewrite users to answer one simple question: Once you have an idea, what is your daily writing process? Below are some of the unfiltered responses. Keep an eye out for future volumes in the â€Å"Writing Process† series, as well as more Freewrite Stories. Ivo Senden, The Netherlands Me and my Freewrite find a happy place. In the summertime, this might be outside, in the sun. During the dark ages from October until march, we tend to crawl on the couch and hide away from the cold. This is where I write. Two hours at least, four when I'm lucky. I do the talking, my Freewrite listens patiently. Everyone and everything else will be ignored. Both by my Freewrite and by me. Once a chapter is finished, I transfer it from my Freewrite to an e-reader, in order to proofread and mark every bump in the road of my written journey. I correct, I shorten, I kill my proverbial darlings. After drafting, re-reading and marking on E Ink displays, I grind my teeth for a bit, to prepare myself for working on my laptop, on which I use Scrivener to sort my drafts and make the final corrections. I celebrate every finished chapter by giving the old laptop a firm smack on the back. If I were a writer in a Hollywood flick, I'd pop a bottle and smoke a mighty cigar. Then again, I'm an ordina ry fellow in The Netherlands who has to work for a living, so that's where I go. Until it's time for the next chapter, which lingers in my head while my Freewrite waits patiently. Born on the premià ¨re day of Star Wars (May 25, 1977), I grew up with an overactive imagination and started writing short stories at the age of nine. My first book, about the history of an old movie theater, was published in 2008. In 2015, my first novel, 'Zwarte droom' was published and in 2016 'Gevallen land' became not only my second published novel, but also my first book written on the Freewrite.Ivosenden.wix.com/boeken, facebook.com/ivo.enspike    Rachel O'Laughlin, Maine, USA Usually, it starts at 5:00 am with a slight headache and a cup of java with too much cream. Sometimes I'm clutching 200 printed pages and sporting a red pen. Sometimes I'm hugging my laptop. Sometimes there's a baby in my lap playing with a wooden crab in a waiting room while I attempt to mend on an elusive phrase on a phone with a dying battery. Each day I'm in a different phase of composition. A little less scattered, a little more inspired, an equal dose of each...there's nothing consistent about this girl in the day to day, but in the month-to-month, season-to-season, there are vestiges of order. First, notebooks. Notebooks small enough to fit in an oversized purse, large enough not to fill up with less than four month of brain blurt. A fountain pen that smudges and flows too fast for the words I want it to birth. A scene, a timeline, an idea, sometimes just a phrase. Usually the most shocking, most horrendous moments of a story are the ones that come to me first. Then, a typewritten chapter, an Evernote text file, a random doc in my writings folder on my eight-year-old Macbook. A novel from my shelf with prose that will be my guide for tense and perspective something weighty but not too thick, like Crichton's Timeline or Doyle's A Study in Scarlet. I used to curl up in corners or the passenger seat with my phone and a Bluetooth keyboard for this phase; now I have spoiled myself with a portable typewriter that has the dreamiest keys, is too durable to destroy, and sports an e-ink screen that I could stare at for ages. When a manuscript gets its own folder in Documents, it is a real, true thing. The threshold has been passed. Dropbox cannot contain it all. There are pieces of past works being copied and pasted, saved as, "add to third draft? maybe?" and "this could just be crap". Deadlines are the final stage. A deadline is the only thing that can make me sit down and write linearly. Linear drafting is a necessity for my undisciplined brain without it, the strung together scenes will be a time-travel journal that couldn't qualify as the lowest b-flik of the 70s. Deadlines require word counts, chapters I can drag and drop, and compile-with-a-click for saving seventh, eighth, ninth revisions. Deadlines require Scrivener. Word plays its part with track changes. Two or three critique partners give me the major markups, four or five beta readers catch the bothersome afterthoughts that are haunting my casual or tired paragraphs. Before a project is finished, I'm glad there's Paypal and Adobe so I can hire my incredible editor who lives 1,600 miles away to put the actual polish on my roughage. A final run-through is bliss after that. I've done this with three novels to date. Took me two years to complete each. Of course, I still have five or six other manuscripts in various stages of limbo. Are there any parts of this process that I hate? Actually, no. Each one is a lot like babysitting someone else's child. I adore them while I'm there and do my best to give them the best of me, but there's always the tension of not being sure I'm doing any of it right, of wondering if I'm helping or hindering the finished product. But hey, there's another mid-sized notebook. And I have a fresh cartridge in my fountain pen. I grew up writing kidnapping tales in a dark corner of a noisy house. After high school, I pushed them to the back burner to tour with my bluegrass band, rant in a blog, and immerse myself in sustainable living. After the birth of my first child, I returned to fiction (and kidnapping tales). I live in New England with my husband and three children, listen to The Fray, and drink too much organic Guatemalan coffee. My published works include high fantasy based on Russian history my unpublished works include literary historical based on my fantasies of becoming Anthony Doerr.rachelolaughlin.com, twitter.com/rachelolaughlin,instagram.com/rachelolaughlin Jo Richter, Germany A LONG WALK ALONG A LONG RIVER Identity is about the dents that shape the I - and the protrusions that jot out to dent and shape others as well as the environment whenever this I does not fit in. As a poet - this atmospheric phenomenon of morning mist covering individual gestalts and linguistically gleaning them from these casts, these dents in your own shape - I have become quite aware of that. Little black books protrude from my pockets, eager to be filled in the cracks of time, in the rifts between social and professional demands exerted on me or initiated by me. As a poet, my identity is evasive, in-between. Whenever I give in to prose, things are different. I do not only have to arrange that one odd afternoon or night to be with what has asked or has been invited to be present as a narration. Prose composition is like a long walk along a long river. I need endurance, equipment and adequate landmarks for structuring progress. I have to know when to take a break and what to do when darker clouds gather above me. The little black books might do for quibs that flutter past. That's all they are good for when writing prose. Butterfly impressions. A river is a mass of water driven by a common force. It is pressure exerted on the banks and the bed. It is the pure willpower of directional gravity, idling every now and then only to turn into torrents of spray and waterfall the next instant. It is structure in the raw. To cope with it, you have to have a vessel capable of holding this serene brutality. Typewriters and computers used to do this job for me. Whenever my inner shape was fit, I could just ask them to contain the rushing flow of imagination for me. Especially with computers, however, I could not help noticing that their demanding quirks and bothersome mechanics sought to invade on my fitness to write. Now that there is the Freewrite to paddle along the plotlines, I feel less restrained and have been emboldened to arrange for an extended sabbatical from bread-winning activities - to do just my bit of serious hiking and paddling. Noone can walk forever. Times of rest and distance to regain focus are vital. I do not write every day in the week and every month in the year. The structure of my writing process is mostly shaped by inside growth and levels of readiness. Outside structures - the rigid timetables of society, work, care and self-care - abound anyhow. I write responsibly, which is to say that I see to my mental and linguistic fitness, the agility of my awareness, the vividness of my experience and the sensitivity of my imagination. I write when the narration is present, ready to emerge, allowing for its unique silences and outbursts. I write when I know which flowers to pick and which to watch growing. Of course, sometimes I just walk on. This is what I do when I fill those extra pages (and pages, and then some) that do not become part of final narrative. I keep what connects and enriches, I question what embellishes. I rewrite. But this is hardly a structure of outer time. This is inner timing rather, phrasing the good spells and surviving the poor ones. The real writing happens whenever the story and I fit. This is what the identity of a prose writer of my ilk is about. Anything else means to give in or to suffer a blow. Which might help as well, every now and then. Jo Richter, *1963, living, working and writing on the Lake Constance shoreline, Germany. There is a website called richtersportfolio.wordpress.com that displays some of my poems, most of them in German. Also, you'll find my writers biography on the respective "Impressum" page, also in German. Carsten Damm, Germany There is no daily routine. Schedule-wise, my life is as chaotic as it can get. Three kids, a wife working shifts on an unsteady and ever-changing schedule, and a demanding day job kill every attempt to even think about a daily routine. Believe me, I tried. Before the kids, times were different. I got up very early- around 5am, got in front of my computer with a mug of coffee and happily typed away for two hours before hitting the shower and getting off to work. Flexible spare time in the afternoons and the evenings allowed me to increase my word count almost every day. Those were the times, right?! These days, the evenings are all that’s left. But with our kids getting older and staying up longer, even those hours are in danger. Not to mention being bleary-eyed after they have finally found their way into their beds and all those chores, friends, relatives, and (ultimately) the wife have been tended to. But there is still plenty of creative energy left at the end of each day, however, and the desire to release it into the world remains strong. I love those late hours, but use them mostly to refine the material I wrote during the day, or put other material into layout- because that’s something I can only do at the computer I have at home. So the only thing I can actually call a routine is getting my writing done in the cracks of daily life, whenever I would otherwise be idle. Mobility is the key, and being able to write a few paragraphs every now and then is the only way to get anything down. In the waiting room when my son is taking his karate or guitar classes, or my daughters’ dancing lessons. When waiting for a doctor’s appointment. While cooking for a family of five. On the train. On a lunch break. Whenever and wherever there are a few minutes to beat. Sometimes even at home. I keep my projects organized using agile methods usually employed in software development. Some digitally on the web, some physically in an old-fashioned notebook. The network of writers and developers I collaborate with is a global one- and even though we all know our efforts are just a hobby, we enjoy it with a certain sincerity. There’s heart blood involved in what we do, after all. Granted, the overall output is smaller than it would be if I had no kids and did all this full-time. But the kids will grow up and I never said I wanted to trade. Each day is different, but every day, something gets done. An outline, an article, the section of a chapter, brainstorming notes, descriptions of illustrations we need, an edited file, a plan for the coming month- whatever it is, its progress. A routine, if you will. Carsten Damm (born in '74) is a father, writer, translator, game designer, and publisher from Germany. He develops and writes roleplaying games and similar material under the Vagrant Workshop and Pro Indie labels, in both English and German languages. As a father of three, project manager, full-time geek, and metalhead, his time for writing is at a premium and not tied to a rigid schedule. vagrantworkshop.com, pro-indie.com, twitter.com/VagrantWorkshop, facebook.com/VagrantWorkshop/

Ecological perspective (ecosystem theory) Essay - 1

Ecological perspective (ecosystem theory) - Essay Example Human organizations are functional systems which are affected by environmental forces to cause problems such as process vagueness, lack of goals as well as goal displacement. Human service agencies are therefore in constant challenges, since most of them are formed to tackle some of the fiercest human challenges; psychological issues. Management taking considerations of the nature of human society and its challenges is likely to have better management strategies. Fredrick Taylor formulated the scientific model of management of organizations in 1947. Basing his thoughts on the premise that reduced productivity results from misunderstandings between the workers and management, Taylor proposed a scientific assessment of workers output. He postulated that the best way to improve the general performance of an organization was to identify an above average worker and learn form his approach. Although good performance can be copied to improve performance in many fields, it might be problematic in human service due to variations in clients’ needs (Karen and Zastrow2010). Hawthorne works in a Chicago electric company experimented in 1927 on ways to increase a worker’s output and satisfaction. Changing aspects of the working environment greatly improved the output per worker. Hawthorne effect was developed from the realization that workers condition themselves to give favorable results that can be attributed to them. Social factors are key factors in the total output delivery by an individual worker (Karen and Zastrow2010). Y managers have the notion that their workers are self motivated, disciplined and enjoy working at all conditions. Managers must identify the type of workers they have to determine the level of stringency needed (Karen and Zastrow2010). The environment in which an individual grows in determines the psychological development of the individual, which controls behavior alongside

Food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Food - Research Paper Example This may be seen, for example, in the cultural prohibitions against eating pork in the Jewish and Muslim religions – this is an essential part of their cultural heritage, and it sets them apart and defines them as a part of their cultural group (James, 3). Food also forms memories, and these memories and associations form the basis for what is commonly termed as â€Å"comfort food.† Wansink et al., (740) state that comfort foods are foods which conjure a comfortable and pleasurable state in the person, and that childhood experienced and social-affective contexts influence these food preferences. The psychological pleasure that these foods bring is based upon the feelings of pleasure and love which are behind these foods. The researchers state that this psychological response explains why some people love liver and onions, while others find this aversive. Moreover, chocolate is often favored in part because of its association with gift-giving and rewards in childhood exp eriences. At the same time, certain foods may have negative connotations, and these negative connotations creates food aversions. Concurs Wood (36), food often has a certain nostalgic appeal that is based upon sentiment, and is often associated with home and contentment. Familiar foods evoke comfort and psychological benefits. Wood also found, interestingly enough, that when individuals are in the midst of great personal change, they choose familiar favorites less often (Wood, 36). Thus, as Wansink and Wood acknowledge, there is a very powerful memory component in the consumption of food. Whether one remembers mum serving Yorkshire Pudding every Sunday evening at dinner, or one remembers one’s father serving curried chicken, these will be the foods which will be psychologically comforting, because these are the foods which are steeped with memories of home, childhood and love. These will be the foods which will create the nostalgic craving, that, interestingly enough, accordi ng to Wood, are not as appealing when an individual is going through great personal change. While this paper will concentrate on three different regions of the world, and some of the trends or the staples of their diet, James (3) cautions against using stereotypes in ascertaining typical regional diets, given the diversity within cultures for what people prefer to eat. James states that people have an idea about typical diets, such as a typical Italian diet, or Greek diet, or Spanish diet, and this is what gives society at large a general idea of what to expect when visiting these countries. Furthermore, as each region of the world is influenced by the global nature of society, as well as immigrants into the country and the general fluidity of the populace with regards to travel, food, according to James, has more of a global character than a local one. She points out that olive oil has only become a staple in the Provencal region since the end of the 19th Century (James, 4). Theref ore, James argues that regional cooking is influenced by globalization, and, as such, is ever evolving. Since there is such diversity in each of the areas which are explored – for instance, even in the United States of America, there are distinctive regions that serve different kinds of foods (southern food is much different than New England food, which is different from West coast food, etc) –

Is there a link between volcanic eruption and climate change and what Essay

Is there a link between volcanic eruption and climate change and what the relationship between the two may be - Essay Example A., & Wilson, L. (2008). Donald Rapp in his book about climatic changes states that volcanic eruptions, though minor, are one of the factors for global warming, but injecting radiations into the earth’s atmosphere. Volcanos erupts huge amounts of ash, magma and sulfuric contents that remain in the environment, polluting it. (Rapp, D. (2008) When the issues regarding global warming got into discussions, human activities like the release of gases having CFC’s and burning of fossil fuels were considered as the primary factors for the climatic change. But some people disagree and claim that human activities pose less danger to our environment than natural procedures such as volcanic eruptions. This statement led human to study the affects of volcanic eruptions in detail. (Stenchikov, Georgiy L., Ingo Kirchner, Alan Robock, Hans-F. Graf, Juan Carlos Antuna, R. G. Grainger, Alyn Lambert, and Larry Thomason, 1998) Mount Pinatubo in Philippines got erupted on June 15, 1991, where approximately about 20 million tons of SO2 and ash particles spread into the air for more than 12 miles. The gases and solids that bumped into the atmosphere at the time Mount Pinatubo erupted lasted for 2 weeks in the air. Volcanic outbreak of this scale can shock earth’s climate, dropping the quantity of sun rays getting in the Earths shell, and altering atmospheric activity model. But the degree to which these changes happen, may vary. (Geology, sdsu; climatic effects of volcanic eruptions (2001). Extensive volcanic motion may precede only a couple of days, but the huge out break of solid ash and gases containing high sulfur content, may last for a long period of time. The erupted sulfuric gases convert themselves to â€Å"Sulfate Aerosols†. After the volcanic eruption, these aerosol particles may rest in the Earth’s stratosphere for as long as a

Levis Advertising Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Levis Advertising Analysis - Research Paper Example The advertisement illustrates a young buyer, with a less-dapper appearance, engaging in environmental connection by crawling through mountainous grasslands, clearly enjoying the experience with natural lifestyle. Using Levi’s Jeans as the appropriate clothing for this type of activity, it illustrates how the brand attempts to connect to naturalism, spontaneity, and in some degree rejection of urban lifestyle. Levi’s is working as the catalyst product to help youths who are either frustrated with urbanism and the fast-paced lifestyle of large city living or to remind consumers that Levi’s is the most appropriate brand for natural living because of its rich history during a historical period of development in the nation. Levi’s relies heavily on its brand equity for its very long history of product achievements and brand preference, which is illustrated by the type of consumer that most largely uses Levi’s products. People who are in their 20s and early 30s are experiencing what psychologists refer to as a quarter-life crisis, growing more frustrated with mundane and mediocre lifestyles (Macrae 1). Levi’s understands its buyer market preferences, those who get proverbially lost in the shadows of society in large urban environments with high populations and extremely diverse lifestyles associated with music, entertainment and outward socialization. Thus, Levi’s attempts to illustrate that it can serve as a motivator for individuals who want to break free from this mundane living and reconnect with their individualism, traditionalism, and natural preferences.

What are the boundaries of Christianity Assignment

What are the boundaries of Christianity - Assignment Example Likewise, Moses’ Ten commandment provisions required all the Jews prevent Christians from stealing. Another popular commandment is to respect and bring honor to one’s parents. A very clear law, taken from the Ten Commandments, is prohibiting the love relationship between a married person and a person who is not the spouse of the married person. This is classified in our society as adultery (Galambos, 2012). During the New Testament bible time period, the bible includes the religious statements or doctrines of the apostles. The Matthew 6: 19 verse requires all Christians to prioritizing store treasures in heaven over the cares or treasures of our earth. Matthew explained that saving treasures in heaven included doing good deeds. The Doing good Christian doctrine includes visiting the sick in the hospitals. Finally, the doing good Christian doctrine means helping people in their hour of need (Yancey, 1992). Further, another bible verse indicates the importance of religiously implementing the Christian doctrines. In terms of the same level of love, the bible’s Mark 12:13 verse requires all members of the Christian faith must love one another in the same manner as one requires to be loved (Galambos, 2012). Loving may include several plain acts. The acts may include giving alms to the street beggars. Another neighborly love act may include giving clothes to the naked street people. A third act may include helping the elderly cross the busy street. Furthermore, I had questioned long and hard why Kennedy had to go espouse the importance of Christian boundaries. I liked Kennedy’s espousing members of the Christian faith must put into practice the Christian doctrines. The bible’s 2 Timothy 4: 2 requires all Christians to be instant both within season as well as out of season. The verse affirms that all Christians must obey all Christian doctrines or norms at all times and in all places (St.

Cell Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cell Structure - Essay Example Plant and animal cells each have a true nucleus because they are both eukaryotic organisms. This central membrane-bound compartment is the site of storage for most of the cell's genetic material. Within the nucleus there is a nucleolus which produces ribosomes. Likewise, both plant and animal cells have corresponding organelle structures with identical functions. This includes: rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, lysosomes, Golgi bodies, secretory vesicles, mitochondria, microtubules and microfilaments, cell membrane, cytosol, and a centrosome. Both plant cells and animal cells have an organelle known as the vacuole, but there are major functional differences between an animal vacuole and a plant vacuole (Cell Models, 2006). In animal cells the vacuole generally has a small size. It is used for storing waste products and serves as an area for digestion. In plant cells the vacuole makes up a much larger percentage of the internal volume. Besides the functions of waste storage and digestion, the plant vacuole has other important roles. Plant vacuoles hold nutrients and water. They help the plant cells to expand during the cellular growth process.

What are the boundaries of Christianity Assignment

What are the boundaries of Christianity - Assignment Example Likewise, Moses’ Ten commandment provisions required all the Jews prevent Christians from stealing. Another popular commandment is to respect and bring honor to one’s parents. A very clear law, taken from the Ten Commandments, is prohibiting the love relationship between a married person and a person who is not the spouse of the married person. This is classified in our society as adultery (Galambos, 2012). During the New Testament bible time period, the bible includes the religious statements or doctrines of the apostles. The Matthew 6: 19 verse requires all Christians to prioritizing store treasures in heaven over the cares or treasures of our earth. Matthew explained that saving treasures in heaven included doing good deeds. The Doing good Christian doctrine includes visiting the sick in the hospitals. Finally, the doing good Christian doctrine means helping people in their hour of need (Yancey, 1992). Further, another bible verse indicates the importance of religiously implementing the Christian doctrines. In terms of the same level of love, the bible’s Mark 12:13 verse requires all members of the Christian faith must love one another in the same manner as one requires to be loved (Galambos, 2012). Loving may include several plain acts. The acts may include giving alms to the street beggars. Another neighborly love act may include giving clothes to the naked street people. A third act may include helping the elderly cross the busy street. Furthermore, I had questioned long and hard why Kennedy had to go espouse the importance of Christian boundaries. I liked Kennedy’s espousing members of the Christian faith must put into practice the Christian doctrines. The bible’s 2 Timothy 4: 2 requires all Christians to be instant both within season as well as out of season. The verse affirms that all Christians must obey all Christian doctrines or norms at all times and in all places (St.

Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Essay Example for Free

Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Essay The enterprise resource planning system attempts to integrate or integrates all the data and also processes of an organization into a system that is unified. A typical system of the enterprise resource planning uses the multiple components of the computer hardware and software so as to achieve the integration. The key ingredient of most of the systems in enterprise resource planning is the usage of a unified database in storing the data for various system modules. Comparison between customer relationship management and supply chain management Similarities Both customer relationship management and the supply chain management are examples of modules in the enterprise resource planning system which formally would have been stand alone applications. (Monk and Wagner2006) Differences The data that is contained in the supply chain management software includes; inventory, commission circulation, order entry, claim processing, purchasing, inspection of goods, product configurator, supplies scheduling and the supply chain planning. On the other hand the data that is contained in the customer relationship management software includes; sales and marketing, call center support, customer contact service as well as commissions. On the other hand the supply chain management is a process of planning, implementing and controlling all the operations of the supply chain with a lot of efficiency. While the customer relationship management covers the concepts which are used by various companies in managing their relationships with the customers and they also include capturing, storing, analyzing the customers, vending, partnering and also information on the internal processes. The operational functions of the customer relationship management involve providing support to the front office business processes which include service and sales and marketing. The operational functions of the supply chain management includes activities such as; the daily production and distribution planning, sourcing planning, inbound operations, production operations and also order promising. (Monk and Wagner2006) The supply chain addresses problems on the distribution network configuration, the distribution strategies, information, inventory management as well as the cash flow. On the other hand the customer relationship management addresses the issues marketing sales and service. The customer relationship management has the capability of executing all the three sub modules through the multiple communication channels and the data that is gathered by the CRM considers the privacy of the customer as well as the security of the data. On the other hand the supply chain management components are the third elements of the four square circulation frameworks. Differences between financial accounting and managerial accounting Type of information and confidentiality Financial accounting mainly concentrates on the production of the financial reports which includes profitability, the basic reporting requirements, stability, solvency and liquidity. The reports of this nature can easily be accessible by the external and the internal users. On the other hand management accounting is a branch of accounting which deals with primarily very confidential financial reports for the restricted use of the organizations top management. (Monk and Wagner2006) Whereas the financial accountants follow the GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) that have been set by professional bodies in each country, the managerial accountants make use of the processes and also procedures that are not regulated by the standard setting bodies. On the other hand the multinational companies prefer employing the managerial accountants who have passed the certification in CMA. The certified management accountant (CMA) is an examination that is given by the institute of management accountant which is a professional organization for the accounting professionals. (Monk and Wagner2006)However the certification is very different and also unique from the chartered accountant certificate or CPA. Time period The managerial accounting provides the top management with reports which are future based while on the other hand the financial accounting provides reports that are based on the historical information. However even though the management accountants base their reports on the historical values they also employ the statistical methods so as to arrive at the future values. In both the financial and managerial accounting the enterprise resource planning systems benefits the workers in various ways. (Monk and Wagner2006) Information on the payroll of the sales people This information will be very useful in the management o the sales team in the Snackers sales department. This is because the manager will be able to know the consistency of each sales persons pay in relation to their performance. On the other hand such information will help the manager to pay the sales people according to the defined contract which could be inform of incentives, commission or a basic salary. (Monk and Wagner2006) Information on training of the sales people This information will be helpful in the management of the sales people since it will help in identifying the extent to which the sales people have been trained and also how far hey have been able to go with their training. This information is also useful since it helps in showing what the sales people have not been trained in and the consistency in their training. Such information will also be useful in the identification of the refresher courses on the sales people since such training is very important to the company sales and marketing strategies. (Monk and Wagner, 2006) Information on time and attendance of the sales people This information will help the management identify the employee’s trends in reporting and attending to their official duties. It will also help in identifying the employees who are consistent in their attendance and those who are not. Such information would be very useful especially when promoting the employees , increasing their   responsibilities, giving them incentives, taking any disciplinary actions and also in retrenchments and transfers. Information on the benefits of the sales people This information would be helpful to the management since it will give the basis of the benefits of the employees. Such information would help the company’s management to award the sales people with their correct benefits and incentives which they are entitled to during or after their term of service.

Examining the history and background of intangible assets

Examining the history and background of intangible assets In the majority of 20th century, tangible assets is considered to be the main source of the commercial value, which include fixed asset such as buildings, land, manufacturing as well as financial assets such as bonds and their valuation. They were shown in the financial statement after valuation which is based on their cost and/or outstanding value. However, it is not mean that people do not recognize or pay any attention on intangible assets, though the specific value of intangible assets is not clear and recorded in the balance sheet. Even now, the priority companys evaluation on profitability and performance is still focus on those assets excluding intangible assets, for example, predicting return on investment, evaluating the value of fixed assets or equity. Because there are no recording value of intangible assets in the accounting book, they are not included in price relative measurements as well, such as price and book value ratio. But in the last 25 years of this century the awareness of creating value for the shareholders changed dramatically, people start to keep eyes on intangible assets and their valuation. Though people do not pay so much attention on the benefit from intangible assets, it is not mean that management of the company are not aware of the importance of such assets. It seems that most of successful businesses are due to successful corporate management of intangible assets such as brands, patents, technology and employees, but still lack of explicit valuation on such assets. Their values are summarized in the whole value of the assets, no any recording Independently. The owners of some major brands, such as Coca-Cola, Procter Gamble and Nestle did do some actives to protect their intangible assets and recognized the importance of their brand, but there were still not intentions on intangibles on the stock market to substitute for investors concerned about their assessment of the value develop from tangible assets. We will discuss some important cases below with evidences to support what I have said above. So this report will trace the history and background of intangible assets(Brands mainly) to look for the answer why intangible assets(Brands mainly) should be recorded Independently in financial report and analysis the benefits by using cases in practice. We will also discuss the manners of brands valuation and the benefits. Those two main contents will be discussed Independently and both are focus on theory and practice. The date and information are researched form internet and some related books. A table will be quoted with proper referencing(see reference). Introduction Structure of the report The main body of the report is consist of six chapters. In chapter one, introduction In chapter two, the theory on reporting brands In chapter three, Benefit from brands in practice In chapter four, The social value of the brand In chapter five, The theory on brand valuation manners In chapter six, the function of brand valuation in practice In chapter seven, conclusion In chapter one, it is about the theory of intangible assets under IAS 38 and FASB. Including, the definition of intangible assets by IAS 38, manner of recognition and measurement of intangibles, useful life of intangibles. It will illustrate gradually which types of intangibles should be recognized on the financial statement and how to valuate from the basic knowledge point. A brief introduction to the theory of three main valuation approaches (income approach, market approach and cost approach) will be involved. In chapter two, I will using three UK companies (Coca-Cola, Amazon and Sony Ericsson ) in different sectors as case studies to show the application of theory to practice and also get feedback by compare those company approach of intangible assets. Aiming to find out the what is the effect recording intangibles in the financial statements has on the interpretation of corporate financial performance. Get the manner how to maintain the asset value of companies brands. In chapter three, I will try to indicate several recommendations base on above expound. Assuming suggest the historical cost of intangible assets are disclosed on the corporate balance sheets while the fair value of intangible assets to be disclosed in financial statements to enable enterprises to reflect a more complete and realistic accounting information. Background to the topic Acquired the brand in the late 20th century, waves of 80 caused a great deal of goodwill accounting standards, the majority can not be a reasonable approach to handling the economy. Transactions led to the goodwill accounting in the debate on the balance sheet, including Nestle Rowntree, United Biscuits acquisition and divestitures Kebler purchase, the Metropolitan made Pillsbury and Danones acquisition of Nabisco European business. The so-called goodwill accounting practice does not involve the growing importance of intangible assets, with the company to make acquisitions they think the punishment is valueenhancing results. They either face the profit and loss account (income statement), or they had to write off the amount of reserves and the end of the acquisition of the asset base than ever before in many cases a large number of lower amortization expense. In countries such as Britain, France, Australia and New Zealand is still possible to recognize the acquisition of identifiable intangible brand value, and proposed the acquisition of these companies balance sheet. This helps solve the problem in good faith. Then, as the brand recognition of intangible assets used by a gray area of accounting, at least in the United Kingdom and France, so companies do not encourage including a balance sheet on the brand, but not unable to do so. In the mid-80s, Reckitt Colman, the British firm, to its Airwick brand, which recently acquired the balance sheet value; major metropolitan area and Smirnov did not brand it as part of the acquisition, with Heublein. At the same time, some newspaper groups to its acquisition of the rise of their balance sheet value. To the late 80s, on the balance sheet was the understanding of brand value within the company led to valuable financial assets, internally generated brands, similar recognition. 1988, Rank Hovis McDougall (RHM), the UKs leading food group, to play their brand of power heavily in the successful defense of Goodman Field Wattie (GFW) hostile takeover bid. RHMs defense strategy includes an exercise to demonstrate the value of RHMs brand portfolio. This is the first to establish an independent brand value, the value of this is possible, not only when they acquired the brand, and when they were created by the company itself. Successfully resisted the bid GFW, RHM in its 1988 financial accounts of the value of all internally generated intangible assets, and get the brand on the balance sheet. In 1989, the London Stock Exchange approved the concept of brand valuation allowed by the RHM shareholders approved the acquisition of intangible assets included in class test. This proved to be a major wave of consumer products companies to promote brand awareness to their balance sheets as intangible brand value. In the UK, including Cadbury, city (when it is 50 billion purchase of Pillsbury), Guinness, Li Bo (when it acquired the Hilton), and United Biscuits (including Smiths brand). Theory on reporting brands The FASB and other accounting bodies have stated that the financial reporting should provide information: that is useful to potential investors and creditors and other users in making rational investment, credit, and similar decisions; that helps current and potential investors, creditors, and other users in assessing the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of prospective cash receipts and net cash inflows to the enterprise; and that describes the economic resources of an enterprise, the claims to those resources, and the effect of transactions, events, and circumstances that change its resources, and claims to those resources (Nearon, 2003). Today, including Louis Vuitton, LOreal, Gucci, Prada and PPR many companies have recognized the acquisition of their balance sheet brand. Some companies already use the brand value and provide historical performance indicators as a financial brand value, as an investor relations tool, the balance sheet of their brand identity. In accounting standards, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand have been allowed to acquired range of leading brands in the balance sheet, and provide information on how to deal with detailed guidelines of goodwill acquired the road. In 1999, the UK Accounting Standards Boards FRS 10 and 11 of the acquired goodwill in the balance sheet treatment. International Accounting Standards Board and International Accounting Standard 38, after the suit. In the spring of 2002, the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Board released 141 and 142, giving up centralized accounting and laying about recognition of acquired goodwill in the balance sheet of the detailed rules. There are indications that most of the accounting standards, including international and British Standards, will ultimately converted to the U.S. model. This is because most of the U.S. capital markets to raise capital or business in the United States must abide by international companies with account ing principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP). All the main provisions of these accounting standards, the acquisition of goodwill needs to be used on the balance sheet and amortized in accordance with its service life. However, if the brand can claim unlimited life intangible assets not subject to amortization. Instead, companies need to be tested for impairment annually. If the value is higher than the initial valuation of the same or higher in the balance sheet value of assets remains unchanged. If the impairment of the value of low, need to write the assets down to a lower value. The recommended method of valuation is the discounted cash flow (DCF) and the market value approach. Valuation of the need for business unit (or subsidiary), generated revenue and profit performance. Once the acquisition accounting treatment of goodwill is to improve financial reporting for intangible assets such as brand an important step. It is still not enough, because only with goodwill recognized and reported in detail down to a minor footnote account. This has led to distortions, McDonalds brand and does not appear in the companys balance sheet, even though it is estimated to be about 70 percent of total stock market value (see Table 2.1), but the Burger King brand recognition of the balance sheet . There is still a quality brand is recognized in the balance sheet valuation. While some companies use a brand specific valuation methods, other less sophisticated valuation techniques, often doubt values. Financial report on the introduction of line is a long-term enterprise value of the real debate is likely to continue, but if there greater consistency, greater brand assessment approaches and the report of the brand values, corporate asset value will become more transparent mu ch. Benefit from Brands in practice The growing awareness of the value of intangible assets, with companies in the gap between book value and stock market valuations are increasing and the market value of these shares in the merger and acquisitions in the late 80s surge of premium paid. Now, it may be argued that, in general, mostly from the derived value of corporate intangible assets. Asset Management attention will undoubtedly greatly increased. The brand is a special kind of intangible assets, in many enterprises is the most important asset. This is because the economic impact of the brand. They affect the choice of customers, employees, investors and government agencies. In the world of abundant choices, this effect is a commercial success and the key to shareholder value creation. Even as a non-profit organizations have begun to embrace receive donations, sponsors and volunteers the key assets of the brand. Some brands also show a remarkable durability. The worlds most valuable brand, a Coca-Cola is more than 118 years, and the worlds most valuable brand, the majority of more than 60 years. Compared with surviving a string of different business owners, estimated to be 25 years or so.2 average life expectancy of many brands. A number of studies attempt to estimate the contribution of brands to shareholder value. In Interbrand and JP Morgan, a correlation (see Table 2.1) concluded that the average brands account for more than a third of shareholder value. Research shows that brand and create significant value both as a consumer or business brand or both. More than 70 percent of McDonalds shareholder value, brand accounts. Coca-Cola brand accounted for 51 percent of Coca-Cola stock market value. While this is true, the company has other drinks, such as Sprite and Fanta brands of large-scale combinations. Harvard University researchers and South Carolina3 and the Best Global Brands list in the select company Interbrand4 show that companies with strong brand is better than respect for the market in a number of indicators. It also shows that a portfolio from the worlds best brand, brand value was significantly higher than the weighted implementation of the MSCI World Index and the Morgan Stanley Capital International to focus on the S P 500 index better. Today, the key and leading enterprises in the management of intangible assets. For example, the Ford Motor Company to reduce investment in intangible assets, tangible benefit of its asset base. In the past few years, it has spent more than 12 billion U.S. dollars acquisition of Jaguar and other famous brands The social value of the brand The economic value of the brand, its owner is now widely accepted, but their social value is not very clear. Brand building to do any other value than all of them is the value that they create large social costs? 7, the popularity of global brands, so many brands around the world the focus of discontent. They believe that as a brand and exploiting workers in developing countries between the homogenization of culture and other issues directly linked. In addition, the brand has been accused of stifling competition, sully, to encourage monopoly and limit consumer choice of the capitalist system of the United States and Germany. On the contrary argument is that brands create substantial social as well as increasing competition as a result of the economic value of improving product performance and brand owners on the stress behavior of socially responsible way. The basis of race performance, and price, this is the nature of brand competition, and promote product development and improvement. And there is evidence that the promotion of companies than others in their class to do their own brands more often be more innovative in their respective categories. A European brand Association8 European PIMS study showed that fewer brands of products launched less significant investment in the development of small and less than rival brands of product advantages. Almost all of the non-branded half of the sample, compared to product development, nothing more than a brand less than a quarter samples. Though 26 percent of non-branded producers of new products have never made an important, a figure far below a collection of seven percent for the brand. Need to keep the brand relevant R D promotion, increased investment, leading to product improvement and development of the ongoing process. Brand owners are responsible for their quality and brand products and services, and their moral behavior. As the business from the brand value and sales and stock price, the potential costs of the act is far greater than any benefit directly immoral, than the monitoring costs and business ethics. A number of high profile brands have been accused of unethical behavior. Interestingly, these are already developing voluntary codes of conduct and internal control systems use some of the brand. This is not to say that these brands have been successful elimination of the unethical business practices, but at least show their will to address this issue. The gap between the companys more honest to admit that they have the moral behavior of the bridge, they will appear more credible. Nike, a number of suppliers in developing countries, the employment system of the criticism of a company, now post the results and factory workers www.nikebiz.com external audit and interview. The concerns of multinational companies is understandable, taking into account a 5% drop in sales of brand value may result in the loss of more than one billion U.S. dollars. It is in their economic interests of the clear moral. Theory on Brand Valuation Manners Some have always attached importance to the economic value of the degree of brand and other intangible assets, but it is only established in the late 80s the valuation methods may be fairly claim to understand and assess the specific value of the brand. Of: on a single brand values is now widely accepted. For those concerned with accounting, transfer pricing and licensing agreements, mergers and acquisitions valuebased management, brand valuation plays a key role in business today. Brand Valuation approach Unlike such as stocks, bonds, commodities and real estate assets, there is no brand value, will provide similar active market. Therefore, to reach an authoritative and effective way, to the growing number of brand evaluation model. Most fall into two categories: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ research-based brand equity evaluation, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ purely financial-driven approach (1) Research-based approach There are numerous brand equity model, using consumer research to assess the relative performance of the brand. Not to the brands financial value, but they measure consumer behavior and attitudes, there is a brand of economic performance. Although these models are complex and complexity vary, they all tried to explain, explain and measure the impact of consumer behavior point of view. They include: 1, such as different levels of knowledge (foreign aid, finance, spiritual), knowledge, familiarity, relevance, specific image attributes, purchase consideration, preference, satisfaction, perceptions and recommendations of the wide range of measures. Some models add, such as market share and relative price behavior measures. Through different stages and the depth of the statistical model, which measures whether a rank order, to provide from the barrier, leading to a conscious choice and purchase, or relative of their overall consumer concepts, provide an overall score or measure brand equity. A combination of indicators of a change or expected to affect consumer behavior, which in turn would affect the financial value of the brand. However, these methods do not distinguish between, such as other influential factors, design and brand development. Therefore, they did not provide specific sales targets and between the financial performance of the brand a clear link. A strong brand can be the basis of these indicators, but still can not create a financial and shareholder value. Understanding, interpretation and measure of brand equity is essential to assess the brands financial value. After all, they are the key to consumer purchase behavior measures, given the success of the brand. However, unless they are an economic model, they are not sufficient to assess the economic value of the brand. (2) Financial-driven approach Cost-based approach is defined as all historical or replacement costs incurred, so that the current state of the brand needs a brand value of aggregation: in development costs, marketing costs, advertising and other communications costs combined, and so on. These methods fail because there is no direct correlation between financial investment and increase the brand value. Financial investment is the establishment of an important component of brand value, as long as it is targeted effectively. If not, it may not make a difference in beans. Investment demand significantly exceeded the advertising and promotion, including research and development, employee training, packaging and product design, retail design. Factors in brand valuation (1)Comparable. Another method is to reach a whole new thing on the basis of comparison value. However, comparability is difficult in the case of the brand, because, by definition, they should be differentiated, so are not comparable. In addition, in the same category of brand value creation can be very different, even though most other areas, such as the target groups basic business, advertising expenditures, price promotion and distribution channels are similar or identical. Comparable offers an interesting cross-examination, but, even if they can not rely solely on brand valuation. (2)Premium price. In the premium price method, the value of the net premiums of the present value of future price of a brand without the brand through a common command or equivalent. However, the main purpose of many brands is not necessarily to obtain higher prices, but to ensure the highest level of future demand. The value of these brands is to ensure the future generation, rather than the protection of a premium. This applies to a number of durable and non-durable consumer goods. This approach is flawed, because one of the few common brands can compare the premium price equivalents. Today, almost everything is brand, and in some cases can serve as a store brand as a brand producers charge the same or similar prices strong. Competition between brands and product price differentials can be indicators of its strength, but it will not be the only and most important value contribution to the basic operations of a brand. (3)Economic use. This is a driver of brand equity measures or means of financial measures to a complete lack of any financial or marketing component to provide a brand of integrity and strong economic valuation. Economic use method, which in 1988 developed a combination of brand equity and financial measures, and has become the most widely recognized and accepted brand valuation method. It has been used for over 3500 worldwide brand valuation. Economic use is based on the basic marketing and financial principles: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Marketing principles related to business functions, the implementation of the enterprise brand. First, the brand will help create customer demand. Customers can be individual consumers and businesses under the Consumer The nature of the business and purchase conditions. Customer demand into income through the purchase quantity, price and frequency. Second, brand loyalty and long-term security by buying customers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ related to the financial principles for the future expected net profit, widely used in the commercial concept of present value. The brands future earnings to determine, and then discounted to net present value of the discount rate, reflecting the risk of achieving these gains. Brands valuation steps In order to capture a complex brand value creation, take the following five steps: 1. Market segmentation. Customer brand choice, but the influence of different brands in the market determined the operation. Split brand and market access of non-overlapping homogeneous consumer groups, such as by product or service, sales channels, consumption patterns, purchasing maturity, geography, existing and new customers for the standard, and so on. The value of the brand in each segment and the segment of the valuation of the sum constitutes the total value of the brand. 2. Financial analysis. To identify and forecast revenue and generated by the brand established in step 1 for each different part of the intangible benefits. Intangible income is income minus operating costs, the brand, the use of the applicable tax rates and the cost of capital. This concept is similar to the concept of economic profit. 3. Needs analysis. Assess the role of the brand to play in the promotion of products and markets, the demand for business services, and determine what proportion of intangible earnings is measured as an indicator of the brand is called by the brands target role. This is done by first identifying the business needs of a variety of brand drivers, and then determine to what extent each driver is directly affected brands. The role of branding index represents the brand produced by the percentage of intangible earnings. Proceeds from the sale multiplied by the brand index of the role of intangible benefits. 4. Competitive benchmarking. Decided competitive advantage and disadvantage in brand specific brand derived discount rate, reflecting the expected future earnings of their risk profile (which is measured by an indicator known as the brand strength score). This includes a wide range of competitive benchmarking and market the brand, stable leadership, trends, support, geographic footprint and legal protective structure evaluation. 5. Brand value. Brand value is the net present value of brand earnings, discounted by the brand discount rate forecast (NPV). Net present value calculation includes both the forecast period and a later period, reflect the brands future ability to continue to generate income. A brand valuation of the market in a hypothetical example is shown in Table 2.2. This calculation is a useful model of brand value in various situations, such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Forecast market and investment strategies; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify and evaluate the communication budget; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ calculate the return on investment on the brand; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ assess the opportunities, lack of new or developing markets; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ tracking brand value management. The function of brand valuation in practice The application of brand valuation has been greatly expanded since its founding in 1988, it is the most strategic use of marketing and financial decisions. There are two main types of applications: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Strategic brand management, brand valuation focused on the domestic audience the tools and process management to improve the economic value of the brand. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ financial transactions, the brand valuation of brand-related transactions with outside parties, all kinds of help. Strategic Brand Management Economic value of brand awareness, increase brand equity for the effective management of demand. In the pursuit of increasing shareholder value, companies are keen to establish the brand in line with other corporate assets, as well as management procedures throughout the company. Simply because the traditional research-based measurements proved to understand and manage the economic value of less than the brand, the company adopted a new management tool brand value. Brand valuation can help them build brand management valuebased system. As creating economic value of brand management and brand of all the key investment decisions. Diverse, including American Express, IBM, Samsung Electronics, Accenture, United States of America, British Petroleum, Duke Energy Corporation and Fujitsu road brand value, to help them re-focus on its branded business, and create a brand decision-making and investment on economic grounds. Many companies are making the brand value of the remuneration of senior marketing managers to create the part of the standard. Brand valuation of these companies find the following help: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the decision on business investment decisions. By making the brand assets and other tangible and intangible assets, different asset allocation of resources between the types, you can follow the same economic conditions and reasons, for example, capital allocation and return requirements. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Measuring the return on investment on the brand based on brand value in the investment rate of return, you can directly reach relative to other investments. Brand management and marketing service providers, measurable performance goals specifically related to the value of brand equity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ make decisions on brand investment. By priority according to brand, customer base, geographic markets, products or services, their distribution channels, etc., the brand can spread the cost of investment, influence and determine the cause maximum benefit. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ decision making licensing subsidiary of the brand. A subsidiary of the license will be responsible for the management and use of the brand, and asset management to pay more stringent than the one to be free. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ turn into a profit center, from a cost center, connecting brands and brand marketing ROI (from the subsidiarys brand use fee). The relation between investment, the returns from the brand to become transparent and easy to manage. Remuneration and career development of marketing staff can link to the development and brand value measurement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ allocation of marketing costs in the interests of the various business units from the brand equity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Organization and optimization, for example, using different brands in the business (corporate, product and subsidiary brands) according to their contribution to the economic value. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ assess the co-branded initiatives according to their economic benefits and risks to the companys brand value. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ determine the appropriate brand after the merger by a clear economic reasons. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Manage the brand more successfully migrate to a different value of the brand as a better understanding of the results, therefore, nothing to lose or get, if the brand migration occurred. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The brand value of building brand value, providing focused, brand performance on the basis of the best understanding of the measures taken action, the driver scorecards. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ managing a brand portfolio across multiple markets. Brand performance and brand investments to assess the basis of comparison with the same combination from brand to improve the overall return. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the economic value of brand communication as appropriate to create a capital market to support share prices and financial assistance. Financial transactions Brand valuation of financial applications include the following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ assessment of the subsidiary companys brand in the fair trade price. Brand royalty income tax return the way you can to the company headquarters. Brand may authorize the international subsidiaries in the United States, subsidiaries in different countries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ identify the brand of brand equity through brand licensing to third parties the best use of royalty rates. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Capital of the brand balance sheet under U.S. GAAP, international accounting standards and accounting standards in many countryspecific. Brand value is used for both initial and periodic valuation of a derivative of the value of impairment testing. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ establish a brand in the mergers and acquisitions, asset prices and the value of clearly defined brand increasing trade. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ determine the contribution of the brand, a joint venture to establish a joint venture distribution of profits, investment demand and stock. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use the brand in debt, the economic exploitation of the brand rights for the mortgage securitization facilities. Conclusion As global competition is becoming increasingly severe, and many competitive advantages, such as technology and become more transient, the brands contribution to shareholder value will increase. The brand is a small number of assets that can provide long-term competitive advantages. <