Democracy in China essays

Democracy in China essays During the 1980s, China came under the rule of a new man. His name was Deng Xiaoping. Chinas culture and views on trade were greatly influenced by Deng, yet he failed in establishing a democratic China. Contrary to many peoples beliefs, Deng did not create any democracy in China. The event that occurred at Tiennamen Square shows how much that Deng would rather give in to the people of China. June 5th, 1989 is a day that will live in infamy and shame for many Chinese. Many citizens of China gathered in Tiennamen Square to protest communism and promote the acceptance of democracy. The freedom found in democracy was a dream that many Chinese had because they lived in communism for all of their lives. Many of the teachers and students at the rally had actually experienced the wonders of democracy first hand on visits to America. The protestors were determined to get their point across to the government and the Chinese public that did not know that they could live in freedom. A long with a 30 foot statue dubbed the Goddess of Democracy, the protestors brought along radios that played the speeches of their democratic heroes. The protestors held their meetings at a local Kentucky Fried Chicken. Since the protestors refused to leave the squared, the government sent armed men and tanks to help with the negotiations. Just as 17 tanks lined up to get ready to execute the protestors, a man stepped in front of the line of tanks and refused to move. This courageous mans name was believed to be Wang Weilin. As the tanks tried to move around Wang, he proceeded to step in from of them, stopping their ability to move forward and hurt the other protestors. Wang then did something that shocked everyone, especially the Chinese Government. He jumped up onto the lead tank and peeked inside and said something to the driver of the tank that made the driver stop trying to move ahead. This outraged the Chin ...

Confidence Interval for the Difference of Two Population Proportions

Confidence Interval for the Difference of Two Population Proportions Confidence intervals are one part of inferential statistics.   The basic idea behind this topic is to estimate the value of an unknown population  parameter by using a statistical sample.   We can not only estimate the value of a parameter, but we can also adapt our methods to estimate the difference between two related parameters.   For example we may want to find the difference in the percentage of the male U.S. voting population who supports a particular piece of legislation compared to the female voting population. We will see how to do this type of calculation by constructing a confidence interval for the difference of two population proportions.   In the process we will examine some of the theory behind this calculation.   We will see some similarities in how we construct a confidence interval for a single population proportion as well as a confidence interval for the difference of two population means. Generalities Before looking at the specific formula that we will use, lets consider the overall framework that this type of confidence interval fits into.   The form of the type of confidence interval that we will look at is given by the following formula: Estimate /- Margin of Error Many confidence intervals are of this type. There are two numbers that we need to calculate.   The first of these values is the estimate for the parameter.   The second value is the margin of error.   This margin of error accounts for the fact that we do have an estimate.   The confidence interval provides us with a range of possible values for our unknown parameter. Conditions We should make sure that all of the conditions are satisfied before doing any calculation. To find a confidence interval for the difference of two population proportions, we need to make sure that the following hold: We have two simple random samples from large populations.   Here large means that the population is at least 20 times larger than the size of the sample. The sample sizes will be denoted by n1 and n2.Our individuals have been chosen independently of one another.There are at least ten successes and ten failures in each of our samples. If the last item in the list is not satisfied, then there may be a way around this.   We can modify the plus-four confidence interval construction and obtain robust results.   As we go forward we assume that all of the above conditions have been met. Samples and Population Proportions Now we are ready to construct our confidence interval.   We start with the estimate for the difference between our population proportions. Both of these population proportions are estimated by a sample proportion.   These sample proportions are statistics that are found by dividing the number of successes in each sample, and then dividing by the respective sample size. The first population proportion is denoted by p1.   If the number of successes in our sample from this population is k1, then we have a sample proportion of k1 / n1. We denote this statistic by  pÌ‚1.   We read this symbol as p1-hat because it looks like the symbol p1 with a hat on top. In a similar way we can calculate a sample proportion from our second population.   The parameter from this population is p2.   If the number of successes in our sample from this population is k2, and our sample proportion is   pÌ‚2 k2 / n2. These two statistics become the first part of our confidence interval. The estimate of p1 is pÌ‚1.   The estimate of p2 is pÌ‚2.   So the estimate for the difference p1 - p2 is pÌ‚1 - pÌ‚2. Sampling Distribution of the Difference of Sample Proportions Next we need to obtain the formula for the margin of error.   To do this we will first consider the   sampling distribution of   pÌ‚1  . This is a binomial distribution with probability of success p1 and  n1 trials. The mean of this distribution is the proportion p1.   The standard deviation of this type of random variable has variance of p1  (1 - p1  )/n1. The sampling distribution of pÌ‚2 is similar to that of pÌ‚1  .   Simply change all of the indices from 1 to 2 and we have a binomial distribution with mean of p2 and variance of p2 (1 - p2 )/n2. We now need a few results from mathematical statistics in order to determine the sampling distribution of pÌ‚1 - pÌ‚2.   The mean of this distribution is p1 - p2.   Due to the fact that the variances add together, we see that the variance of the sampling distribution is p1  (1 - p1  )/n1 p2 (1 - p2 )/n2.   The standard deviation of the distribution is the square root of this formula. There are a couple of adjustments that we need to make.   The first is that the formula for the standard deviation of pÌ‚1 - pÌ‚2 uses the unknown parameters of p1 and p2.   Of course if we really knew these values, then it would not be an interesting statistical problem at all.   We would not need to estimate the difference between p1 and  p2..   Instead we could simply calculate the exact difference. This problem can be fixed by calculating a standard error rather than a standard deviation.   All that we need to do is to replace the population proportions by sample proportions.   Standard errors are calculated from upon statistics instead of parameters. A standard error is useful because it effectively estimates a   standard deviation.   What this means for us is that we no longer need to know the value of the parameters p1 and p2.   .Since these sample proportions are known, the standard error is given by the square root of the following expression: pÌ‚1 (1 -  pÌ‚1 )/n1   pÌ‚2 (1 -  pÌ‚2 )/n2. The second item that we need to address is the particular form of our sampling distribution.   It turns out that we can use a normal distribution to approximate the sampling distribution of  pÌ‚1  - pÌ‚2.   The reason for this is somewhat technical, but is outlined in the next paragraph.   Both   pÌ‚1 and   pÌ‚2   have a sampling distribution that is binomial.   Each of these binomial distributions may be approximated quite well by a normal distribution.   Thus pÌ‚1  - pÌ‚2 is a random variable.   It is formed as a linear combination of two random variables.   Each of these are approximated by a normal distribution.   Therefore the sampling distribution of pÌ‚1  - pÌ‚2 is also normally distributed. Confidence Interval Formula We now have everything we need to assemble our confidence interval.   The estimate is (pÌ‚1 - pÌ‚2) and the margin of error is z* [ pÌ‚1 (1 -  pÌ‚1 )/n1   pÌ‚2 (1 -  pÌ‚2 )/n2.]0.5.   The value that we enter for z* is dictated by the level of confidence C.  Ã‚  Commonly used values for z* are 1.645 for 90% confidence and 1.96 for 95% confidence.   These values for  z* denote the portion of the standard normal distribution where exactly  C percent of the distribution is between -z* and z*.   The following formula gives us a confidence interval for the difference of two population proportions: (pÌ‚1 - pÌ‚2) /- z* [ pÌ‚1 (1 -  pÌ‚1 )/n1   pÌ‚2 (1 -  pÌ‚2 )/n2.]0.5

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Proposal - Essay Example Problem Statement The ‘We Are Automobile’ company deals with trade of spare parts products to the motor industry and its representatives are often going at potential customers’ premises to sell their products. Currently, the company does not have an Information Technology department and there is no IT system implemented. Therefore, the company processes the customers’ request manually and stores all the information on relative registers. The company is facing many problems due to manually working and inconvenience for storing and accessing information from the premises of the customer. Keeping in view the problem, the company has decided to implement Information Technology solution. There are two possible IT solutions for solving the problems of the company including implementation of traditional Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and the Cloud Computing. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of the both solutions along with recommendatio ns for the company to implementation of one of the two technologies. Keeping in view the company’s background and analysis of both solutions, the document reveals that the Cloud Computing has more advantages over the traditional ERP. Further, the document presents a technical approach and project management to implement the proposed solution (Alley, 2010). Information Technology Solutions As mentioned above, there are two IT solutions to solve the problems of the company, the ERP implementation and the Cloud Computing. â€Å"A system designed to support and automate the business processes of medium and large businesses. It provides an enterprise wide solution for all business activities with a single application and single data repository† (Mutt, 2010). A comprehensive Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solution may be developed to solve the problems and fulfil the requirements of the company. Usually, the modules of ERP include Finance & Accounting, Customer Relations hip Management, Human Resources Management, Payroll, Inventory & Procurement, Sales and Project Management. The ERP is a complete solution that can provide services to the company and make the company ICT enabled (Ingthorsson, 2012). The second possible IT solution is Cloud Computing that provides hosted services over the Internet. There are mainly three categories of these services including: Software as a Service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS). Furthermore, the cloud services can be differentiated to the traditional hosting through many features/characteristics; however, the main three diverse features include: the consumer/customer just need to pay all the maintenance/services are managed by the service provider, customer can take services according to requirement (little or full), and the services are provided on demand by hours, days, weeks, etc. (Rouse, 2010). Cloud Computing - Software as a Service, BScaler Comparison of Tradition al System Vs Cloud Computing A comparison of both Information Technology solutions the traditional system and Cloud Computing has been given below (Metal Center News, 2011): S. # Traditional System Cloud Computing 1. On-site or traditional ERP systems have constraints in managing particular Supply Chain tasks that include: inventory accessibility, readability, and order information synchronization at customers’ place. ERP based on cloud computing does not have such constraint as the application can be accessed from

Baroque Artists of Europe Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Baroque Artists of Europe - Assignment Example Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. Born September 1571, died July 1610. Operated in Sicily, Malta, Naples and Rome. Did realistic human states and used lighting to create drama in the emotional and physical states. Was trained by Simone Peterzano, who was trained by Titian. Did paintings, mostly for churches while in his twenties in Rome. Was popular with the chiaroscuro (movement from dark to light). Rose to fame in the 1600s after painting Calling of St Mathew and Martyrdom of Saint Mathew. Was a vandal, and had the pope issue a death warrant for him. Died of fever at age 38. Sir Peter Paul Rubens. Born June 1577, died 1640. A Flemish baroque painter who used sensuality, colour and movement to create emphasis. Is popular for creating landscapes, altarpieces and portraits regarded as allegorical and mythical. Had a large studio in Antwerp. Was knighted by several kings of England such as Phillip IV, and Charles I. Was introduced to art by Otto Van Veen and Adam Van Noort. Used to cop works of earlier artists such as Hans Holbein and Marcantino Raimondi. Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Born in December 1598, died November 1680. Was a renowned Italian artist, sculptor, and architect operating from Rome. His baroque was manifested in his sculptures. His style was depicting intense states of psychological human nature. Was so good at art he was perceived of as Michelangelo’s successor. Most of his themes were religious, and he used light sources to create points of focus. Was a great rival of Borromini.

Light intensity Essay Example for Free

Light intensity Essay The set up of the circuit is simple as shown above. The 12-volt lamp is set up in a simple circuit. Then in a SEPARATE circuit, the light dependent resistor is connected to the Multimeter, which shows the resistance readings. If I did connect the LDR in the same circuit, I would almost certainly fry the LDR, and ruin the experiment! I want to keep the distance from the lamp to the LDR the same. I have decided after testing the system, to put the LDR directly under the lamp. This makes me get the best readings for the earlier voltages when the bulb is dim. It also helps to cancel out any other light, which will obviously get in the way more, the further the LDR is from the bulb. I will find out how much this effects the results in the preliminary practical. I will needed to keep the bulb at a set height, perhaps 2cm above the LDR. During the preliminary practical, there are many things I can do to get the optimum results. That includes keeping the distance and height the same, but also taking the correct resistance reading. You can set the resistance readings on the Multimeter to different levels of accuracy. If you dont have a large enough setting, the dial will display one. I will then go down one until I get a suitable answer. I may even have to change the accuracy settings during the preliminary practical, if they become too inaccurate. My independent variable is voltage (potential difference). I will be finding out how the intensity of the light effects resistance of the LDR. I will be going up in gaps of 2 volts, up to 12 or 14 volts, giving me seven readings. I need to make sure I get two, preferably 3 sets of good results, to iron out anomalies, getting a better overall average. Some small errors could creep in when reading off the Multimeter. The resistance readings will start to fluctuate slightly. I will take the best reading I can by waiting until the Multimeter stays on one number. The more accurately I set the Multimeter, the harder this is to do. Of course, this is only an initial method. The preliminary practical will give me a good feel of the equipment, and where things could go wrong. I will be able to change things for the final practical. Preliminary Work I will need to undertake a preliminary practical for many reasons. A preliminary is very good for helping me get a feel for the equipment. I will do it to find out how much resistance there is without the lamp being turned on, to see what effect other light has on the LDR. I will also see if this changes when the LDR is out in the open. From this, I can decide where I will put the LDR in the final experiment. To start with, I will have the LDR directly under the lamp, so as little light as possible gets to the LDR. A second thing I will probably do, is slowly increasing the voltage until a noticeable difference is shown on the LDR. I will also get a good feeling of what I expect to happen in the actual main practical, and where I will be getting anomalous results. I may also be able to predict trends, and alter my graphs. I will only take readings at a few voltages. I may take readings at 4 volts (the lowest reading), 8 (a middle reading), and 12 (the highest reading. These are all of some use, as they will give me an estimate of the trends, and by finding the highest and lowest readings, the range. I will also need, in my preliminary practical, to take down the conditions that the practical is taken in. I will need to make the experiment as fair as possible, so I will need to see where all the extra light is coming from, so I can regulate that in my main experiment, and also things like the vertical distance from the LDR to the lamp.

Analysis of To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay -- To Kill a Moc

Analysis of To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee is a story of national magnitude that contains complex characters. Harper Lee deals with the emotions and spirits of the characters insightfully. A few of these characters display courage at one point or another in the story. These flashes of courage come during turbulent times of the story, and often led to success. Atticus Finch displayed courage on numerous occasions. Without his wife he had to raise Jem and Scout alone for most of their lives. Because he knew he had to set an example for his children to follow, Atticus tried never to let his emotions get the best of him. He stated on several occasions that he would not be able to tell his children one thing and do another. He believed in teaching by example, and his methods worked. Scout views her father as the bravest person she ever knew when he was cordial to Mrs. Dubose, despite her gibes. In front of the jail, Atticus was reading to Tom Robinson, a Negro he was defending in a rape case. The black versus white mentality was like a wildfire through almost all of Maycomb’s white residents during this case. As he was reading Atticus was approached by a group of men wanting to get at Tom. â€Å"’He in there, Mr. Finch?’ ‘He is and he’s asleep. Don’t wake him up.’ ‘You know what we want. Get aside from the door, Mr. Finch’ ‘You can turn around and go home again, Walter.’†(151) Atticus stood strong against an entire mob due to his strong values. He would not budge, even though he was outnumbered. His voice was cool and collected throughout the entire encounter, proving once more his courage. Atticus was also courageous when he aimed to defend Tom Robinson instead of just allowing the guilty verdict. â€Å"’Lemme tell you somethin’ now, Billy, you know the court appointed him to defend this nigger.’ ‘Yeah but Atticus aims to defend him. That’s what I don’t like about it.’†(163) In those times many lawyers did not attempt to defend black men against white men. They were biased against their own clients. But Atticus, however, would not do such a thing. He stuck to his beliefs and continued the trial even though he knew that he could never win with a biased jury. To use his own words for him, Atticus was licked before he began but he began anyway and saw it through to the end. Jem is another character that displays... ... his reading. Then an alarm clock would sound and Jem and Scout would be shooed away by Mrs. Dubose’s maid Jessie. â€Å"’Mrs. Dubose was a morphine addict. She tood it as a pain-killer for years. The doctor put her on it. She’d have spent the rest of her life on it and died without much agony, but she was too contrary†¦She said she was going to leave this world beholden to nothing and nobody†¦She said she meant to break herself of it before she died, and that’s what she did†¦I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It’s when you know your licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do. Mrs. Dubose won, all ninety-eight pounds of her. According to her views, she died beholden to nothing and nobody. She was the braves person I ever knew.†(112) Atticus would have made Jem read to her anyway just to realize how courageous she really was. Mrs. Dubose knew that she would be in great pain but stuck to her ideals and came out on top. She was very old and sickly yet still conquered her morphine addiction. As Atticus said, she possessed real courage.

Dissertation writing Essay

Our writers are highly educated and knowledgeable Ph. D. holders who are fully equipped to meet all your needs regarding your dissertation. We are well versed in a wide variety of topics and have the expertise to help you with just about any type of research imaginable. We possess in abundance the skills and tools that will grant you the best product. In fact, our versatility lets us specialize in any part of the dissertation. We aid you in writing introductions, thesis statements, hypotheses, as well as in doing in-depth literature reviews. We also provide methodologies, data presentation, statistical analysis, and discussion of the results. Finally, we help you tie things together in a thorough yet concise conclusion, and provide extensive referencing in any style required by your faculty. The creativity and expertise we bring to your dissertation is limited only by the scope of your paper, and we are always ready to push the envelope to make your dissertation ground breaking in its relevance. Our Expertise  The expertise and thorough educational background of our writers means you can trust the content of your dissertation to any of our team. Our writers possess decades of post-graduate experience coaching Ph. D. candidates toward the completion of their dissertations. Every one of our writers has had a very high level of success helping others just like you to produce award winning dissertations. The quality of the papers we produce is unsurpassed, as we delve deeply into foundational theory and are careful to ground all our reasoning and conclusions in sound scientific and academic principles. Our literature is researched using only the most thoroughly peer reviewed journals or academic texts. Furthermore, the practical and empirical methods we employ for fieldwork is based on sound research design and protocol. Then, we even go the extra mile to help you to prepare for the defense by giving you sample questions that allow you to anticipate the rigor of that upcoming hurdle. Research Methodology Our experts handle research methodologies with the utmost care, as we base every procedural step upon a sound framework. Our research designs are constructed to elicit the most relevant and useful information from which to make educated inferences and draw conclusions. In fact our protocol will always align with the methods of sound academic research that has been accepted by academics worldwide. Finally, our knowledge leads us to the selection of the operational tools that are most appropriate for the data. Statistical Analysis Building on our sound methodological principles, the data collected from research design implementation is systematically handled in order to optimize its organization. We take over the task of selecting the data collection procedures, and then choose the statistical methods that will best represent the data and give it greatest significance. Our data is analyzed using the most cutting-edge software, such as SPSS, STATA, ANOVA, and Statistica. Plus, our writers are expert statisticians who are knowledgeable about the use and interpretation of the statistics provided by these programs. Formatting The proper dissertation format is of crucial importance in this high-level academic work. Our writers are experts at taking badly constructed dissertations and making them conform to the academic standards of structure. The professionalism and readability of your work will be enhanced by our writers, as we have the special knowledge that dictates the systematic methods through which the data must pass in each successive section of the dissertation. Furthermore, our writers are thoroughly familiar with the referencing styles that are most used in academia, and are able to bring any written work to conformity with the format required within its discipline.

Media Manipulation

There are certain negative roles of Pakistani media . Medal Is negatively manipulating the Interests of the people. People of Pakistan are yet not critical / educated enough to realize this manipulation / twisting of facts. There is a famous dictum that â€Å"a lie spoken 100 times becomes greater than a truth† Pakistani media is also blamed for overwhelming negative exaggeration. It glossaries issues, resorts to negative exaggeration of matters, newspaper headlines are depicting violence, etc all this demoralizes the nation.At times news are given without authentication / confirmation. Unethical material / photographs / scenes are shown on our media promoting popularization. Medal Is damaging basic fiber of our nation and has created a crisis of miss identification. Our initial investigation into the topic of truth manipulation began by conducting a ‘cultural probe', followed by an extensive literature review from various sources. Further primary methods such as surveys , questionnaires and focus groups may be used to further enhance our learning and knowledge.User testing will be used during the design development stage to determine if the target market is receptive to NY developed outcomes. Our aim is to equip the public with knowledge as to the ways and means the media uses to Influence their opinions. This will open up the option for our target market to form their own opinions on Issues, rather than taking the political or social stallion at TTS alliance. t TN ten meal wellness to Insult II upon I Following on from semesters group discussions, we begin by discussing and looking into issues concerning our views and perceptions of communication.Self-promotion and publishing, via the forming of new media outlets such as You Tube, My space, Face book and web logs has recently provided an alternative to the traditional way of receiving news information. The idea of creating and selecting the kind of information we wish to enrich ourselves with has steadily become more attractive as of late. With such a dynamic flow of information happening around the globe, North Korea somehow stands out in its shelter.. We, as a eastern society, on the other hand are exposed to various kinds of information on a daily basis.Up to 3000 advertising messages per day to be precise. We cannot walk around a block without being attracted to buy a certain product, use form of service, or have a particular view. There is an absolute abundance of options. But are we really free to choose? Who is it to say that our source of information does not choose our information for us? Are we, despite having freedom of choice, not at all This idea formed the basis of our selected topic of research and led to the exploration of truth manipulation in the current media landscape.AIMS & OBJECTIVES Firstly to create awareness amongst the public about techniques employed by media corporation to spin truths and push their political and social agendas and opinions upon s ociety. Then to equip the audience with necessary means in order to defend themselves against truth manipulation in the current media landscape. The objective is not to dictate views or opinions but to encourage a critical perspective when listening to, reading and taking in news and current affairs information.We would like to encourage the audience to think for themselves, form their own opinions and draw logical conclusions from the media they absorb. PURPOSE, NEED & SIGNIFICANCE As a consumer driven society, the public are often immature to the variety of ethos employed by media giants in order to influence opinions to support with their own agendas. Many of these cooperation's have continuously dishonored their responsibility to serve public interest and raise unbiased awareness of news and current issues.As time progresses, and sophistication in technology becomes more and more advanced, consumers are becoming more at risk to truth manipulation as they do not nave ten addle TT Y to Keep up Witt meal movements I Nils provokes ten meal giants with the opportunity to force their opinions and as a result the unsuspecting public come more susceptible to the success of the medias deeds. This is a demoralizing factor in today's society, as society puts a certain amount of trust into the media and hope that what they are delivering is authentic and unaltered information rather than issues that have been fictitious to benefit secondary needs.This is where the public are being misled. What is needed to overcome these troubling issues is a raise in public awareness. Propaganda and truth manipulation must be exposed so the public are able to see that the information they receive is not necessary the whole truth. Once this occurs, e as a society will be better equipped to form our own opinions, and perhaps even regain some power over media giants. Grassroots is where this movement must begin and it is our aim to assist such a cause. RESEARCH METHODS This project cente rs around research and investigation.In order to absorb and analyze as much information as possible on the chosen topic of truth manipulation, we have decided to employ several vastly different research methods. Initial investigation began by conducting a ‘cultural probe'. This method is a first- hand data gathering attempt. The exercise involved using five people to participate in series of news, media and communication related activities. The aim of this method is more about gathering inspiration than information. The outcomes and results of this method are outlined below in the section entitled ‘Cultural Probe Results'.Secondary research took the form of a literature review, as included on the following pages. Each group member selected or was assigned a series of literature and information sources to investigate and report. Sources included documentaries, films, publications, Journals, articles, case studies and electronic resources. Both global and local issues were explored. This form of research aided a better understanding of our topic, and helped us form individual and collective opinions of the issues arising. The outcome is the following argumentative essay.At the point of writing this research proposal, third and fourth methods of investigation are being discussed. Further primary methods such as surveys, questionnaires and focus groups may be used to further enhance our learning and knowledge. User testing will be used during the design development stage to determine if the target market are receptive to any developed outcomes. Major meal corporation's use tenet power Ana meal outlets to portray an oaten hidden political or social agenda. To do so they spin and manipulate truths, molding information to suit their cause.Authenticity of information is lost owing to this trend, and it has become increasingly difficult for the public to separate fact from fabricated fiction and false, misleading information. The media has a role to portray true and relevant information and so serve public interest. This idea is seemingly lost on many media giants who are more focused on profit and swaying opinion than delivering a realistic and reasonable account of rent affairs and issues. This goes against the Journalistic promise to honor societies right to true and honest information.

Characteristics and Examples of Stabilizing Selection

Characteristics and Examples of Stabilizing Selection Stabilizing selection in evolution is a type of natural selection that favors the average individuals in a population. It is one of five types of selection processes used in evolution: The others are directional selection (which decreases the genetic variation), diversifying or disruptive selection (which shifts genetic variation to adjust to environmental changes), sexual selection (which defines and adapts to notions of attractive features of the individuals), and artificial selection (which is the deliberate selection by humans, such as that of the processes of animal and plant domestication). Classic examples of traits that resulted from stabilizing selection include human birth weight, number of offspring, camouflage coat color, and cactus spine density. Stabilizing Selection Stabilizing selection is one of three main types of natural selection in evolution. The others are directional and diversifying selection.  Stabilizing selection is the most common of those processes.  The result of stabilizing is the over-representation in a specific trait. For example, the coats of a species of mice in a forest will all be the best color to act as camouflage in their environment.  Other examples include human birth weight, the number of eggs a bird lays, and the density of cactus spines. Stabilizing selection is the most common of these processes, and its responsible for many of the characteristics of plants, humans and other animals. Meaning and Causes of Stabilizing Selection The stabilizing process is one that results statistically in an over-represented norm. In other words, this happens when the selection process- in which certain members of a species survive to reproduce while others do not- winnows out all the behavioral or physical choices down to a single set. In technical terms, stabilizing selection discards the extreme phenotypes and instead favors the majority of the population that is well adapted to their local environment. Stabilizing selection is often shown on a graph as a modified bell curve where the central portion is narrower and taller than the normal bell shape. Polygenic traits tend to result in a distribution that resembles a bell-shaped curve, with few at the extremes and most in the middle. David Remahl/Wikimedia Commons Diversity in a population is decreased due to stabilizing selection- genotypes which are not selected are reduced and can disappear. However, this does not mean that all individuals are exactly the same. Often, mutation rates in DNA within a stabilized population are actually a bit higher statistically than those in other types of populations. This and other kinds of microevolution keep the stabilized population from becoming too homogeneous and allow the population the ability to adapt to future environmental changes. Stabilizing selection works mostly on traits that are polygenic. This means that more than one gene controls the phenotype and so there is a wide range of possible outcomes. Over time, some of the genes that control the characteristic can be turned off or masked by other genes, depending on where the favorable adaptations are coded. Since stabilizing selection favors the middle of the road, a blend of the genes is often what is seen. Examples of Stabilizing Selection There are several classic examples in animals and humans of the results of stabilizing selection process: Human birth weight, especially in underdeveloped countries and in the past of the developed world, is a polygenetic selection which is controlled by environmental factors. Infants with low birth weight will be weak and experience health problems, while large babies will have problems passing through the birth canal. Babies with average birth weight are more likely to survive than a baby that is too small or too large. The intensity of that selection has decreased as medicine has improved- in other words, the definition of average has changed. More babies survive even if they might have been too small in the past (a situation resolved by a few weeks in an incubator) or too large (resolved by Caesarian section).Coat coloration in several animals is tied to their ability to hide from predator attacks. Small animals with coats that match their environments more closely are more likely to survive than those with darker or lighter coats: stabilizing selection results in an average colorati on thats not too dark or too light. Cactus spine density: Cacti have two sets of predators: peccaries which like to eat cactus fruits with fewer spines and parasitic insects which like cacti that have very dense spines to keep their own predators away. Successful, long-lived cacti have an average number of spines to help ward off both.The number of offspring: Many animals produce multiple offspring at once (known as r-selected species). Stabilizing selection results in an average number of offspring, which is an average between too many (when there is a danger of malnourishment) and too few (when the chance of no survivors is highest). Sources Cattelan, Silvia, Andrea Di Nisio, and Andrea Pilastro. Stabilizing Selection on Sperm Number Revealed by Artificial Selection and Experimental Evolution. Evolution 72.3 (2018): 698-706. Print.Hansen, Thomas F. Stabilizing Selection and the Comparative Analysis of Adaptation. Evolution 51.5 (1997): 1341-51. Print.Sanjak, Jaleal S., et al. Evidence of Directional and Stabilizing Selection in Contemporary Humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.1 (2018): 151-56. Print.

Discomfort and Discomfiture

Discomfort and Discomfiture Discomfort and Discomfiture Discomfort and Discomfiture By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Can you explain the origin of the word discomfiture? This seems to be a recent invention; I was not coming across this word about 10 years ago. However, recently its use has increased. Is it the same as discomfort? Discomfiture is not as common a word as discomfort, but it has been used continuously in English since Chaucer’s day. Discomfort is a little earlier, dating from about 1350, when it meant â€Å"deprivation of happiness.† The earliest OED citations show discomfiture used with the meaning â€Å"defeat in battle.† Meanings that developed from there include â€Å"frustration of plans or hopes; utter disappointment; perplexity, confusion.† In time, the meaning weakened to include lesser emotions, such as unease, embarrassment, and similar-sounding discomfort. Although the words may be considered synonyms, discomfiture implies a stronger sense of unease and confusion than discomfort because it combines the connotation of both defeat and embarrassment. Even when defeat is not implied, discomfiture suggests a sense of agitation that discomfort lacks. I never was more completely whipped in a criminal case, and I always thought Judge Miller enjoyed my discomfiture more than anyone else. So terrible was his appearance that Spitz was forced to forego disciplining him; but to cover his own discomfiture he turned upon the inoffensive and wailing Billee and drove him to the confines of the camp. Tempting as it is, though, to smile at the courts discomfiture, the bigger issue here is whether the federal judiciary should be so actively engaged in the details of the electoral process.   Discomfort implies a sense of uneasiness, inconvenience, or mild physical pain. If you have a comfort zone, you must also have a discomfort zone.   Why Getting Comfortable With Discomfort Is Crucial To  Success About a dozen new teachers of criminal law at multiple institutions have told me that they are not including rape law in their courses, arguing that its not worth the risk of complaints of discomfort by students. If you experience any discomfort in your eye after doing an activity in which a small particle could have entered your eye, such as hammering or working under a car, don’t ignore it.   I would save discomfiture to describe the kind of discomfort that includes embarrassment on the part of the person feeling it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?Expanded and ExtendedPresent Participle as Adjective

Problems and solutions for alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Problems and solutions for alcohol - Essay Example According to (â€Å"Solving alcohol problems†), the problem of alcohol is that as many as 17 million adults in US are seriously caught in the habit of drinking. Of these alcohol addicts, those who get help are no more than 3 million in number. Every year, hundreds of thousands of Americans are killed, injured, or weakened as a result of drinking. Alcohol consumption has been the root cause of distortion of a lot of families in the past and has also been one of the driving forces of violence in the society. There are four fundamental stages of solving the problems of alcohol. First, there is a need to create awareness among the public so that they know the difference between risk and safe alcohol consumption. Secondly, there should be screening for alcohol related issues. After that, people should be provided with cover treatment by way of health insurance. Finally, there should be good arrangement of support treatment and health recovery for the affected